49G 



JOURNAL OF HOBTICULTUEE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



I Jooe 19, 1873. 



of teeth, nonrishmeufc evidently being obtained by suction ; the 

 under jaw or lip falling quite back, somewhat resembling that of 

 a sucker. Very few hairs are discernible, and those not in tufts 

 but singly. The markings on the back are very perfect in form, 

 and of a rich, dark brown colour. The shell of the insect is 

 laminated both on the back and belly, and appears to bear a con- 

 siderable amount of pressure without injury. 



When my attention was first drawn to these insects I removed 

 them by picking them off, but finding that a tedious operation, 

 I tried consecutively mercurial ointment, kerosine, and lard, 

 sometimes with fatal result to the chicks, and at others with 

 only partial success. After several trials I compounded an oint- 

 ment of 1 oz. mercurial ointment, 1 oz. pure lard, i oz. flour of 

 sulphur, i oz. crude petroleum. 



This I applied to the head of the chicks when taken from the 

 nest, iu a semi-fluid state, repeating the application once or 

 twice afterwards if deemed necessary. In all cases where the 

 insects were removed by hand or destroyed by the ointment, the 

 chicks escaped the gapes, although other broods in the same 

 yard not so treated had the disease, and nearly all died with it. 

 I have had the application tried in yards W'here the gapes had 

 swept off hundreds of chicks annually for many years, and the 

 result was the entire eradication of the disease. On one yard 

 where fowls have been bred for over forty years, and where, 

 ten years ago, three-fonrths of those hatched died of gapes, 

 there has not been a single case since this preventive was 

 thoroughly tried, six years ago. Mr. J.J. Black, in the " Bulletin " 

 of June, 1872, corroborates my opinion on this subject. A. Dr. 

 Cobbold, in a memoir jjresented to the Liunean Society in 

 England many years ago (see " The Ulustrated Book of Poultry," 

 by L. Wright, page 196), makes a suggestion which seems to an- 

 ticipate this theory. He says: " By whatever mode the young 

 (of the gape worm) make their exit from the shell, it is manifest 

 that prior to their expulsion they are sufiiciently developed to 

 undertake an active migration ; their next habitation may occur 

 within the body of certain insect larv.*©." It seems almost cer- 

 tain that the insect is either the direct connecting link between 

 the egg of S. Syngamus and the perfect worm, or else, as Mr. 

 Wright suggests, " the vehicle for conveying either the ova or 

 the newly-hatched worm to the nostrils of the chickens ;" which 

 can only be ascertained by patient and protracted microscopic 

 investigation, and the solution of the case offers no adequate gain. 



There is but one certain cure for the gapes yet known to the 

 poultry fraternity, and that is the vapour from carbolic acid. 

 Place a little of the crystallised acid in a spoon or metal saucer, 

 and hold it over a candle or lamp ; hold the bird so that it will 

 be obliged to inhale the fumes, being careful, however, not to 

 protract it so long as to kill the chick. One application, if 

 thorough, will usually be sufficient, though occasionally a second 

 may be necessary. — Mb. A. M. Halstead. — (American Poultry 

 Bulletin.) 



MALDON POULTEY SHOW. 



The annual meeting of the Essex Agricultural Society was 

 held at Maldon on the 11th and 12th inst. The route from the 

 railway station to the Exhibition, a distance of al^out one and a 

 half mile, was gaily decorated with garland.s, and flags innumer- 

 able were extended from window to window across the roads. 

 Several epecial trains brought crowds of visitors, so that the 

 Little borough was a scene of life and gaiety. 



The show of poultry was enclosed from the agricultural exhi- 

 bition, and notwithstanding that an extra fee was demanded for 

 admission, it appeared to have its full share of jiatronage ; up to 

 one o'clock on Wednesday the fee was 2s. 6d. to the grounds, and 

 an extra 2s. Gd. to the poultry Show. About 180 visitors paid these 

 rather excessive admission fees. 



The poultry entries numbered 168, those of the Pigeons fifty. 

 A silver cup value £i is. brought together a large entry of Dork- 

 ings. The first prize went to a grand pair, very dark in colour ; 

 the second and third prizes to birds of about the average quality; 

 and a pair of Silvers belonging to Messrs. Wren & Page also do- 

 served notice. The Buff Cochins were tolerably good. Cochins 

 of any other variety rather inferior. The Dark Brahmas were 

 in splendid condition, Mr. Ansdell securing another cup, rather 

 closely pressed by Mr. Lingwood. The Light Brahmas were of 

 average quality. The position of the first and second-prize pens 

 would certainly have been transposed had the legs of the hen iu 

 the second-prize pen matched those of the cock. The Red and 

 Duckwing classes of Game were generally of superior quality ; 

 Any variety of Game not so good. The Spanish class, with the 

 exception of the first-prize birds, was wretched in the extreme; 

 th6_ third prize was justly withheld. The French class was 

 again the best iu the Show, Cruves winning all the prizes ; they 

 have so improved that it appears almost useless entering 

 Houdans against them. The llamburghs v^ere good, the Game 

 Bantams moderate, and the ^Vny other Variety of Bantams were 

 much above the average. In the class for Any other distinct 

 breed, a fine pair of Malays belonging to Mr. Brooke arrived too 

 late for competition, otherwise they would have superseded at 

 least the thii-d-prize birds, which appeared to have nothing but 



extraordinary size to merit notice. Turkeys, Ducks, and Geese 

 were generally good. The prizes in the Pigeo « classes were very 

 small ; the result was a very poor display, Homing Antwerps 

 being best both in quality and numbers. 



The judging was uuexceptionaUy satisfactory, and the arrange- 

 ments in every way complete. 



DoBKiNGS.— 1 and Cup, Henry Lingwood. Barking, Needham Market. 2 andC 

 e, F. Parlett, Great Baddow, Chelmslord. 8, E. \V. Soutbwood, Fakenliam. he, 

 J. Robmaon, Garstang. 



Cochins— Biaf ur Cinnamon ~1, Cup. and 2. Henry Ling\vood. 3. S. R, 

 Harna. Cusgarne. e, A. A. Seaborn, Hadleigb, SutTolk. Ann other colour.— 1, 

 R. S. Woodgate, Pembury, Tunbridge Welia. 2, J. K. Fowler. Ayleabury. 3, 

 Witbbekl. 



BKAHMA3.— Darfc.— 1 and Cup, T. F. Anadell, Cowley Mount, St. Helens. Z 

 and 3. Horace Lingwood. Creeling, Needham Maraet. lie, 3. Harvey, jun., 

 Tbanington, Canterbury ; Rev. J. G. B. Knight, Danbury, Chelmsford, c, H. 

 Dowsett. Plesbey. CheluiKford. 



BRAiiyiks.—Light.—l, Horace Lingwood. 2 and S, H. M. Maynard, Holme- 

 wood, Hyde. c. H. Dowsett; T. A. Dean. Marden, Hereford. 



G KUF..— Black-breasted and other Redx.—\ and 3, S. Matthew, Stowmarket. 

 2. W. Foster, Deal, he, H. E. Martin, Fakenbam; J. W. Fitch, Romford. & 

 H. L. Cocksedge, Woolpit; J. U. Salter, Kelvedon. 



GiMR.— £>wc«»'tnj7S and other Greys and Blues. — 1 and Cup, S. Matthew. 2, 

 R. Hall, Cambridge. 3, H. L. Cocksedge. 



Game.— .4?ti/ other variety.— i, J. H. Salter. 2, R. Hall. 8, E. Swan, St. Ann's» 

 Colchester. 



Spanish.— l.Nicholls Bros..Camberwfll. 2, T. Boulter. London. 3, Withheld. 



French.— 1 and he, W. Dring, FaTcrsbam. 2, ,T. J. Maiden. Biggleswade. 3, 

 G. W. Hibbert. GoiUey, Manchester, c, Rev. T. C. Beaaley, Saffron Walden; H. 

 Feast. Swansea ; J. K. Fowler. 



HtiiBCHGUfi.— Spangled.— I, J.Wright. Lowestoft. 2 and he, J. Robinson, c, 

 L. Wren, Lowestoft: \V. Groom, Ipswich. Pencilled.--}, W. K. Tickner, Ips- 

 wich. 2, J. Robinson, e, W. Speakman, Nantwich ; J. Robinson. 



Bantams.— <Vnme.—l, W.Adams. Ipawicb. 2, W. B. .Teffries. Ipswich, fttf, G, 

 Garrud, London, e, J. S. Pearson, Great Milton. Any other variety.~\, T. E. 

 Tbirtle, Lowestoft (Black). 2 and c, G. B. Francis, Romford (Cuckoo Japanese 

 and Black.) 



Anv OTHER Variett.— I.J.Robinson (Polands). 2, Withheld. 3, Mrs. Pattis- 

 son, Maldon (Black Haniburglis). 



ToaKEYS. — 1, Mrs. Mayhow, Chelmsford. 2, Withheld. 3, A. P. Clear, 

 Maldon. 



Geese.— 1, J. K. Fowler. 2. A. P. Clear. 3, S. Hanburv. Witham. 



DDcKa.—JioHen.—l.F. Parlett. 2, H. Dowsett. 3. J. K. Fowier. Aylesbury. — 

 1 and Cup. S. R. Harris. 2. J. K. Fowler. 3, Mrs. Pattiasou. 



Selling Class.— CocA: or Hen.— I, H. H. Rush, Heybridge, Maldon (Dorking). 

 2, Rev. S. Phillips, Castle Heiliniiham (Dark Brahmaal. S.J. H. Salter (Duck- 

 wing), he. H. H. Rush (Dorking) 13); K. Wilkinson, Guildford (Gold-spangled 

 Hamburgh); K. H. Eve, Fullbridge, Maldon (Hybrid between Bantam and 

 Pheasant) : J. Robinson, c. Rev. S. Philips; H Dowsett. Drake or Uuck.—l, 

 H. Dowsett (Rouen). 2, F. Parlett (Rouen). 3, J. Robinson. 

 PIGEONS. 



Carriers.- 1 and 2, E. F. 'Wilson, Brighton, he, E. J. C. Gibson, Ryde, Isle 

 of Wight. 



Pouters.- 1, J. T. Cater. Colchester. 2, F. Cowlin. Latchingdon, Maldon. 



Fantails.— 1, J. F. Lovei'side. Newark. 2, Withheld. 



Tumblers.— 1, H. W. Hale, Hackney. 2, A. B. Douglas, Hounslow, W. ftc, 

 J. T. Cater; E. G. C. Gibson. 



Jacohins.— 1, E. G. C. Gibson. 2, J. T. Cater. 



Trumpeters.- 1 and 2, G. P. Jay. 



Antwerps,— irorfci/i^.— 1 and he, E. F, Wilson. 2, T. King, Colchester, c, 

 R. Hall; F. M.inlhorp, Colchester. 



Ant other Vahietv.— 1. C. Norman, Westerfleld, Ipswich (Black Barbs). 2, 

 J. T. Cater, he and e, E. G. C. Gibaon (Jacobins and Pigmy Pouters). 



Selling Class.— 1, J. T. Cater. 



Judge. — Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, Finchley, London. 



Bl.vck G.iME. — I have received promises of subscriptions for 

 a cup for Black Game at the next London Poultry Show — viz., 

 Bev. G. S. Cruwys, £1 ; C. F. Moutresor, Esq., il ; Capt. C. P. 

 Terry, 10s. ; Capt. W. G. Webb, lO.s. tod.; E. Kendrick, jun., 10s. 

 Also for a cup at Birmingham, C. F. Montrcsor, Esq., Ml ; Capt. 

 W. G. Webb, j£l ; E. Kendrick, jun., 10s. Fiu-ther subscriptions 

 should be sent at once to — E. Kendrick, ju.s., Wceford House, 

 near Lichfield, 



SIZE OP HIVES. 



As no evidence has been tendered showing that " Scotland, 

 as a whole, is now converted to the idea of large hives of simple 

 construction," I presiame none will be forthcoming. I selected 

 for comparison what I considered Mr. Pettigrew's medium, and 

 gave the medium that I regarded as suitable. Instead, therefore, 

 of the sizes 21, 18, and 15 inches iu width by 12 inches in depth, 

 as recommended in the Journal of October 28th, 1868, I ara 

 of opinion that the sizes 14, 12i, and 11 inches in width by 

 11, lO-i, and 10 inches in height are the best for skeps under the 

 simple swarming system, and where the practice of removal 

 from one district to another is not followed. The sides of the 

 skeps should be nearly perpendicular, and no bars or " sticks " 

 used for supporting the combs. 



I may state, however, that I have abandoned the use of straw 

 skeps, and now employ only " Woodbury frame hives," which, 

 though inferior to difl'erent hives of different material and shape 

 in some particulars, are yet " as a whole " superior to all with 

 which I am acquainted. — K. S. 



APIARY APPLIANCES. 

 We have from time to time published descriptions and draw- 

 ings of hives various iu form, but have not been able to supply 

 similar information relative to other things useful for the bee- 

 master to have at command. This information we are able to 

 supjily by the courtesy of Mr. Yates, Old Millgate, Manchester. 

 It is extracted ti-om his catalogue. 



