APPROXIMATE COST OF FORESTRY 27 



conifers and old-growth hardwoods, except a small percentage of 

 waste and cleared land. 



Costs of forestry measures are divided into three general classes — 



First : Preliminary costs or valuation survey and office work re- 

 sulting from same. 



Second : Current expenses necessary in carrying out the various 

 measures in connection with the property in general and the annual 

 logging operations. 



Third : Added cost to the regular logging operation due to the 

 change in methods. 



The first two are comparatively easy to answer, but the third we 

 can only discuss until much more investigative work has been done. 



Going back to the valuation survey ; the field work which was carried 

 out in the seasons of 1910-11-] 2 included the location of all property 

 lines, the calipering of 5 per cent of all conifers 3 inches and up d.b.h., 

 and hardwoods 10 inches and up, with an inspection of the hardwoods 

 at the same time as calipered, to determine the percentage of waste 

 and the amount of sound material per acre. For the most part, the 

 regular strip survey was used, running parallel strips one-quarter mile 

 apart perpendicular to surveyed lines one mile apart. Where the 

 stand was too irregular, sample plats were taken and the acreage of 

 cleared, burned, or barren areas paced or surveyed. The notes taken 

 on consecutively numbered sheets showed the date, locality, type, 

 slope and aspect, soil, ground cover, underbrush, reproduction, den- 

 sity and general conditon as to age and ripe^iess of merchantable 

 species. A good percentage of heights was taken in various sections 

 of each type. Three men were used in a crew. Some stem analysis 

 work was done, but much more has been done since in connection with 

 the annual logging operations. 



Five per cent of 150,000 gives us about ?,500 acres measured and 

 the cost of this work, including the necessary surveying, was $18,000, 

 or 12 cents per acre. The stand of conifers large enough to make 

 pulpwood and logs was, roughly, 450 million board feet, or about 3,000 

 feet per acre, making the cost per thousand feet .04. As before 

 stated, one-seventh of this area was old growth and the age of the 

 lumbering on the rest varied from one to about 50 years. The field 

 work on second-growth is much more expensive, excepting hard- 

 wood slopes — and all this work would cost considerably more at the 

 present time. 



Working up the field data and writing a working plan, as well as 

 mapping timber and topography, was largely done by iItc forester, and 



