82 JOURNAIv OF FORESTRY 



pine (Pinus strobns) and white poplar {Populus alba) are the two 

 species particularly recommended for this purpose. White pine has 

 a great advantage in being intermediate both in tolerance and in density 

 of crown. It will come in naturally in the midst of broadleaf stands, 

 and will also permit the establishment under its shade of such hard- 

 woods as hornbeam, maple, ash, and even the common oak. It is well 

 acclimated to the French climate, and will thrive on many soils. It is 

 particularly suited for the formation of a high forest of conifers over 

 a coppice of hardwoods, which is the only form of stand in which its 

 use is recommended. This is because the tree must be allowed to reach 

 fairly large size in order to form any considerable portion of heartwood, 

 the sapwood being regarded practically as waste, during which time a 

 return is yielded by the hardwood coppice ; and because the white pine 

 is nearly everywhere attacked by a fungus with a subterranean mycel- 

 ium, the spread of which is prevented when the trees are grown far 

 enough apart so that their roots do not come into contact with each 

 other. White poplar has been looked upon somewhat askance because 

 the abundant suckers which it produces have sometimes proved a 

 nuisance in adjacent agricultural lands. These suckers would do no 

 harm in the forests where its use is recommended because of its rapid 

 growth, coupled with the production of a merchantable wood which is 

 among the best of the poplars. It is especially suited for use in 

 naturally deep, fertile soils such as those formerly used for agriculture, 

 but which have been so cut up by trenches and by shell holes as to be 

 useless for cultivation for many years. The Japanese larch (Larix 

 leptolepis) might also prove a desirable species to use along with white 

 pine and white poplar, but not sufficient is known regarding its behavior 

 in France to warrant too hearty endorsement. S. T. D. 



Jolyet, A. Deux essences qn'il ne faudra pas oubUer. Rev. Eaux et Forets. 

 57 : 93-99. 1919. 



MENSURATION, FINANCE, AND MANAGEMENT 



The first representative of the forest hierarchy 



Forest in Lorraine was the gruyer (a lord having a right 



Organisation on the woods of his vassals), who is referred to 



in in public documents as early as the first half of 



Lorraine the 14th century. On April 20, 1464, the office 



of Grand gruyer of Lorraine was established 



under which were a number of individual gruyers. The latter assisted, 



by a controleur, acted both as a forest administrator and forest ac- 



