182 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



goes down the Rhine. Because of the knotty material produced under 

 the former selection management, it is inferior to the fir from the 

 Black Forest, so unable to compete with it. Beech, formerly chiefly 

 valuable for firewood, has lately found a ready market for railroad 

 ties, while the thinnings bring good prices for fuel. Pine is used chiefly 

 for mine timbers. Oak, formerly managed as coppice-with-standards, 

 is now almost all high forest, and is left standing through two rotations 

 of beech. When the underwood is cut out, the oak standards are 

 trimmed to a height of at least six meters, in order to produce clear 

 lumber. Under the German regime, one- fourth of the possible cut 

 each year was reserved to be cut only in emergencies, so that there is 

 now a large surplus of mature timber, especially in the fir districts. 

 There was a considerable export of sawed lumber to France until it 

 was stopped by high import duties in 1895, since when most of the 

 French trade was in unmanufactured wood, chiefly pulp. The demand 

 for long timbers and large sizes, from Belgium, Holland, and Luxem- 

 burg, made up for the loss of the French trade. 



W. N. S. 



Die Entwicklung dcr Forstzmrthschaft und dcs Holzhandels in Elsass-Loth- 

 ringen. Kruhoffer. Forstwiss. Centralbl., 41:57-65, 101-109. 1919. 



FOREST GEOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION 



New and hitherto little known sources of 



Forest Resources timber supply for the Allied countries are being 



of the made known nowadays. The Caucasus comes 



Caucasus forward with an estimated available supply of 



forests which are said to cover 18,000,000 acfes, 



of which some seven and one-half million acres belong to the State, 



the remainder privately owned. The following data are given by Mr. 



Baievsky as the average annual production, cost and profit : 



Total amount produced, cubic sazhens (1 sazhen equal to 343 cubic fe.et) 141,766 

 Gross receipts, roubles (1 rouble equal .51 cents, normally; however, the 



rouble is now worth about .05 cents) 1,126,864 



General expenses, roubles 678,644 



Net profit, roubles 443,220 



It is said that the Caucasus forests are of great variety and they 

 must be of very unusual quality if the diameter measurements quoted 

 below are accurate. Little exploitation has taken place to date. The 

 important species are pine, spruce, oak, beech, hornbeam, birch, maple, 



