368 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



to be reached and nibbled by the sheep, may be seen standing crooked and in- 

 capable of developing into sound trees of a healthy growth, while seedlings are 

 trampled out entirely. The trouble from this source, however, is constantly 

 misunderstood on both sides. I passed through an area of forest land on 

 McKay Mountain, a western spur of the Blue Mountains lying in a direction 

 northeast from Pineville, where sheep had been grazed for twenty-five years. 

 This is the oldest sheep range in Cook County. In these forests were frequent 

 areas of young saplings of thoroughly healthy and symmetrical form which 

 unquestionably had not received the sHghtest injury from sheep grazing. At 

 the same time along the road were seen frequently the gnarled and stunted pine 

 saplings, which showed clearly what doubtless occurred over wider areas where 

 overgrazing and trampling were similarly carried to an extreme." 



As a result of his investigations Mr. Coville recommended that 

 moderate grazing of sheep in the Cascades be allowed under regula- 

 tion, moderate grazing being defined as "grazing only to such an 

 extent that the forage crop does not decrease from year to year." 



Aside from comments in the supervisors' annual grazing reports 

 we have little additional on this subject from Oregon until Hunger's 

 monograph on western yellow pine in Oregon ^ appeared in 1917. 

 Hunger disposes of the subject with the following brief statement: 



"Since yellow-pine forests are grazed over by sheep and cattle, the reproduc- 

 tion is somewhat exposed to damage by these animals, particularly by sheep, 

 which trample a good many seedlings when close herded. Sheep also, when 

 short of forage, as along driveways or near bed grounds, browse on them in 

 such a way as to deform the seedlings permanently. If the range is not over- 

 stocked and the sheep are properly handled, they will not, in Oregon^ do any 

 appreciable damage to the yellow-pine young growth in the forest at large ; 

 trees over 6 feet high are practically immune from damage." 



In their annual grazing reports for 1917 eighteen of the supervisors 

 of District 6 reported no damage to tree reproduction from grazing; 

 three reported no appreciable damage, slight injury, or injury not 

 serious. 



Sparhawk's investigations into the effect of grazing upon western 

 yellow pine reproduction in Central Idaho give more in detail what 

 probably is true of certain parts of Oregon and Washington. These 

 investigations were conducted on the Payette Forest in Idaho, over a 

 period of three years, 1913-14. They were thorough and his published 

 report * contains so much of value that I find difficulty in giving the 

 essentials without giving the entire text. However, I have attempted 

 to outline the data and conclusions of greatest importance as follows : 



^ Hunger, Thornton T., Western Yellow Pine in Oregon. U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 Bull. 418, 1917. 



* Sparhawk, W. N., Effect of Grazing Upon Western Yellow Pine Reproduc- 

 tion in Central Idaho. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 738, 1918. 



