490 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



Stimulated. Thus, there is less loss to the commonwealth due to the 

 waste of effort and material involved in a nomadic industry. 



Incidental to this first advantage is that a better class of laborers is 

 developed. In the lumber industry particularly this is a very important 

 factor. A permanent community, where a man can make his home and 

 be assured of work in the vicinity, will bring about not only greater 

 contentment, and thus efficiency on his part, but also greater loyalty to 

 his country and his employers— in other words, will make him a better 

 citizen. 



Another feature incidental to the maintenance of a permanent in- 

 dustry is that various kinds of logging improvement structures are 

 maintained by the stability of their use. Better and more expensive 

 improvements are justified and more economic handling of raw mate- 

 rial results. 



With a more intensive division of the working circles, there is pos- 

 sible a wider distribution of the cuttings. As a result, there is better 

 chance for the control of any insect menace, or for the handling of any 

 incidental fire loss. 



The division into small working circles, resulting in the development 

 of permanent logging improvements in several localities, makes avail- 

 able for sale both small and large units, which is one of the desirable 

 features of governmental control, without incurring the usual disad- 

 vantages of less economical handling of the small operation. 



The more general disposition of communities and operations over a 

 unit as a result of the more intensive scheme, makes available, dis- 

 tributed over the unit, a personally interested fire protective force sup- 

 plementing the regular permanent force for that work. 



Finally, the scheme of more intensive division of working circles is 

 the safe, conservative course. If later found desirable, it could easily 

 be abandoned in favor of either of the alternative policies, while the 

 reverse would not likely be readily possible. 



Thus, it will be seen that the choice of any one of the three policies 

 in laying out working circles is a question of degree. The smaller the 

 working circles, the more intensive consideration can be given to the 

 numerous factors which must be weighed. 



The choice of the plan to follow, that is, the basis of the number, 

 size, boundaries, etc., of working circles, is dependent essentially on 

 the object of management. A few elementary considerations must be 

 brought to mind at this point in deciding the course. 



