518 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



and the best conditions for maximum increment growth. On the other 

 hand, the effect of a moderately heavy crowned tree every 20 to 40 feet 

 is a potent one on young sprouts and seedlings. 



Beech especially casts a heavy shade and under a large beech stand- 

 ard, practically no sprouts even of the tolerant hornbeam are to be 

 found. However, the hornbeam sprouts do well for a single rotation 

 directly under the crowns of any of the species except beech or rarely 

 hornbeam itself where a standard has been reserved. The beech repro- 

 duces often as seedlings. The stumps and especially large stumps 

 sprout very poorly. The young trees grow well under the shade of 

 the other species except beech and hornbeam. For the other species, 

 oak, ash, maple, linden, mountain ash and cherry, direct overhead light 

 is an essential requirement. The aggregate effect of a heavy reserva- 

 tion of standards as compared with a light one on the coppice is reflect- 

 ed better in a comparison of yields of the coppice. One area in which 

 perhaps only 100 standards have been reserved per acre, and those 

 chiefly of oak and light-'crowned species, will produce a complete and 

 dense stand of sprouts which will yield perhaps 13 cords per acre. An- 

 other area on which 200 trees per acre have been reserved, chiefly large 

 beeches, will yield less than one-half as much cordwood from the 

 coppice, the difference being due wholly to the greater abundance, size, 

 and crown density of the standards. On the average, the yields of 

 coppice grown under standards are only one-half what they would be 

 if the standards were not present. From 5 per cent to 20 per cent 

 of the stumps do not sprout successfully as a result of the shading and 

 the balance of the difference is due to slower growth of the sprouts 

 that do start. 



A few examples, taken from actual notices of sale in the region, 

 will help to make clear some of the points which have been made. 

 These examples are taken from the advertisements of the sale of timber 

 from State and communal forests in the region. Private owners 

 ordinarily do not give so much detail in their notices : 



Art. 2 — 2nd Series Bonniere — Coupe No. 15. 



26.8 acres of coppice-under-sta'jidards, 34 years old, a total of 564 trees to be 

 cut, as follows. 



D. b. h. in inches 

 71/2 10 121/^ 15 20 



480 oaks 432 36 8 3 1 



7 ashes 6 . . 1 



77 beech and miscellaneous 73 2 2 



