756 JOURNAL OI^ FORESTRY 



scribed methods similar to Hundeshagen, except that they provided 

 for less frequent but much heavier early fellings, which resulted in 

 less satisfactory reproduction and in more loss from w^indfall. Borg- 

 greve's method was more like Hundeshagen's, but delayed the later 

 cuttings longer. Gayer described a group selection cutting (Femels- 

 chlagbetrieb) in some respects similar to the shelterwood system, but 

 much less satisfactory. Engler advised a combination of group selec- 

 tion and shelterwood, especially for mixed stands containing tolerant 

 and less tolerant species. Gayer also developed a strip shelterwood 

 system, resulting in a stand with regular age gradations in parallel 

 strips. Wagner's selection strip or selection border cutting (Blen- 

 dersaumschlag) provides for reproduction of tolerant species under 

 the stand by making thinnings or selection cuttings, then clearing strips 

 so that the intolerant species can reproduce. Mayr described a sys- 

 tem which he considered applicable to most of the irregular many- 

 specied forests of the world, including those of the tropics. He pro- 

 vided for reproducing a tolerant understory at about the middle of 

 the rotation, followed by occasional thinnings of the overstory to pre- 

 vent natural losses, and fairly heavy seed cuttings at the end of the 

 rotation, just before or just after the seed falls. The old stand is 

 then to be removed in one or two fellings, within 5 or G years. Ku- 

 belka, in his selection strip system (Femelstreifenbetrieb) gets repro- 

 duction by opening holes in alternate strips, and gradually enlarging 

 them. Kalitsch's Barenthorn system and the author's wedge shelter- 

 wood system (formerly called Abriicksaumschlag, more recently 

 Schirmkeilschlag), are very similar in providing for very frequent- 

 annual if possible — cuttings throughout the stand, which do not break 

 the canopy. The last method is particularly distinguished by the form 

 of removal cuttings, which are developed in wedge form, beginning 

 in the middle of the stand so that logging will not injure established 

 reproduction. In the author's opinion, present German silvicultural 

 practice (which has also been carried to Russia by foresters trained 

 in German schools) is far behind that at the beginning of the 19th 

 century. The prevailing forest form has gone during the last 200 

 years from a straight selection forest to extensive pure even-aged 

 forests produced artificially. It is now returning gradually to a modi- 

 fied selection form, very much more intensively cultivated than for- 

 merly, with mixed stands and natural reproduction. W. N. S. 



Eberhard, Julius. Die Technik der Ndturverjungung einst und jetst. Bine 

 fors^tgeschichtliche Studie. Forstwiss. Centralbl. 42: 161-183, 204-226. 1920. 



