788 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



and get the greatest value out of the tree. For it is found that certain 

 log dimensions are most advantageous for sawing; such might be 8>4 

 inches, 9^ inches, 11 inches, etc., and again the longer the log up to a 

 certain length, the greater its value per unit of measure. An average 

 saw log of between 14 to 19 feet in length and 7 to 9 inches average 

 top diameter is most usual. The log marker may receive his instruc- 

 tions in several ways ; some companies put up a set of rules which 

 should suit the average tree of the region, and the marker adapts his 

 trees according to the general principle ; or else a table may be set 

 up giving relative values for logs of different lengths and diameters, 

 computed from the saw output, or obtained from the value of pulp- 

 wood, or from its value for any other form of wood utilization, from 

 which costs of each log landed at the mill is deducted as well as mill 

 losses on each size. The measurer or adapter is also used to control 

 the carrying out of cutting regulations and to oversee operations ; some 

 companies obtain approximate figures on the way the cut turns out 

 and the progress of operations from some data kept by him. The 

 workers being generally paid by the piece, their wages are most often 

 reckoned out from the markers' figures and tallies which can be quite 

 well controlled in most cases from the tally lists obtained from the 

 marking of the trees before felling began. 



The hauling is done as mentioned on rather narrow sleds, the bunks 

 being almost 4 feet wide, but the runners only 20 to 30 inches apart. 

 They claim that it simplifies the road question to use narrow sleds, in 

 any case, the roads are very often allowed to get into bad condition 

 even when it could be avoided with a little care and foresight. The 

 loads average between 70 and 90 cubic feet (about 600 feet b.m.). 



The volume of the cut is determined by scalers when the wood 

 comes forward to the river or on the ice ; this work being made uni- 

 form by so-called scaling associations which have an official standing. 

 The scalers are sworn in and are considered impartial. They do very 

 accurate work and examine the wood thoroughly. They are closely 

 checked by inspectors ; a rescale is made on the least suspicion of 

 error. Dishonesty in scaling is a very serious criminal offense. Log 

 volume tables are made up for each region, using units of cubic 

 measure. Logs are bark-marked and stamped on the ends. 



THE DRIVE 



The drive is very similar to the American 6^\ve, but as a rule more 

 thought and care is given to the preparation of the streams. They 



