PERIODICAL LITERATURE 849 



the stands will be managed on three different rotations, depending on 

 the particular stands in each case, of 120 years, 100 years, and 60 

 years, in about the proportion 2:3:1 (making the average 100). For 

 hardwoods the former rotations will generally be used. In case of the 

 younger stands, decision as to the rotation to be used can be deferred 

 until they are older. As a basis for planning the regulation, an age- 

 class survey and map must be made. For this purpose the forests 

 are to be classified in four main types, according to the predominating 

 species : oak ; beech-ash-maple ; birch-alder ; and fir-spruce-pine. Other 

 instructions relate to changes in the working plan and cutting budget. 



W. N. S. 



Anonymous. Ergdnsende Amvcisung sur "Anzveisung sur Ausfilhrting der 

 Betriehsregelungen in den Preussischen Staatsforsten vom 17 M'drz, 19^2" bis 

 12 Mdrz, 19 19. Forstwiss. Centralbl.. 41:310-317. 1919. 



r- - 



" STATISTICS AND HISTORY 



The author recognizes three stages in the de- 

 Forests vclopment of man's relation to the earth's 



and Human forested areas from pre-historic times until the 



Progress present. These stages are designated: (1) 



Civilisation dominated by forests, (2) civilisation 

 overcoming the forests, and (3) civilisation dominating forests. While 

 forming a natural sequence, it is pointed out that the stages made 

 unequal progress in different parts of the earth. For illustration: 

 Central Africa and South America are now in the first stage ; a con- 

 siderable part of North America and Asia in the second, but in 

 Europe and parts of the United States the third stage is reached. The 

 first stage deals with prehistoric and early historic man. It is traced 

 through indirect means ; as the migration of races, the configuration 

 of ancient forests, and from folk lore, myth, and the vestiges of 

 primitive religions. The second stage denotes man's progress in the 

 production and use of tools of an advanced and efficient type and 

 shows an increasing pressure for tillable land. This stage lies for 

 the most part within the historic period, although place names in 

 certain parts of Europe are excellent indirect evidence of the progress 

 of early clearings and forest settlements. The third stage shows civil- 

 ization triumphant over its ancient enemy and brings the =;torv down 

 to modern times. It deals with current movements and the immediate 

 past. 



