( Ixxvii ) 



We liav'e arrived at the 0{)j)0site opinion. The shagginess of the scaling of 

 Hacmorr/iagia, many Amhidicinae, and Achrrontiiiuie is a specialisation derived 

 from the more smootli scaling preserved l)y the majority of Sphingidae. We 

 find shagginess only in also otherwise mucii specialised forms. Roughness of 

 the scaling and development of broad scales into long ones accompany nearly 

 always the retrogressive development of other organs. 



The copulatory apparatus of the male is composed of the ninth and tenth 

 segments, in some cases also the eightii segment taking part in the formation 

 of the apparatus. The accompanying diagram (Fig. 3) will make clear the 

 relative position of the various elements of the clasping-organs. 



The ninth segment is a strongly chitiuised girdle, broadest above, and here 

 sinuate basally (PI. XLII. f 2. 3. in.t). This belt is ventro-laterally dilated into 

 a large flap ((Jl), the clasper or valve, which corresponds to the pleura and sternite 



of the segment and bears the harpe (//), the stei'uite being divided mesially, 

 as is mostly the case with the ninth sternite of insects. The pleura is attached 

 to a proximal stripe of chitin (Fig. 3, jjI) and to the sternite. The tenth 

 segment (Fig. 3, X.t and X.r) stands in very close connection with the ninth ; 

 there is no intersegmental membrane between them, except occasionally a 

 remnant on the npperside. The tentii tergite is strongly chitinised like the ninth 

 segment, while the sternite is occasionally weak. The tenth tergite is movable 

 in a vertical direction, or, if comj)lctely divided, also mesiad. 



Between the sternite and tergite we find the anus {A), and between the 

 tenth sternite and the ninth the jienis-funnel {I'-F), from which i)rotrudes the 

 penis-sheath {P). 



None of these organs are constant within the whole family of Sp/iingidae. 

 The variety in tlieir structure is enormous. But in spite of the seeming 

 eccentricity in the development, the lines along which modification took place 



