( cxix ) 



The comparatively large nnmbi'r of genera occurring in the Palaearctic 

 Region is acconnted for by the f\ict that many Oriental genera extend north- 

 ward in single species. It is cnrions that this northward extension obtains here, 

 as in the Nearctic Region, in the eastern district. The two cases are, of coarse, 

 pnrely analogous. Tropical Cliiua being contiunous with Amnrland and India, 

 and Formosa connecting with China the chain of islands running from Japan 

 southward, tiiere is a convenient bridge from the Tropics to Japan and 

 Amnrland. This close geograpliical connection between India and Japan ex- 

 plains the contrast in the relation of the Palaearctic countries with the Oriental 

 Region on the one side and the Aethiopian Region on the other. Numerous 

 Oriental species of Hawk Moths range northward into Amnrland and Japan, 

 while only tliree African ones reach Europe {Acherontia atropos, Deilephila 

 nerii, and Ilippotion osiris), besides the Afro-Oriental traveller Ilippotioii 

 celcrio, which comes to Western Europe most likely from the West (Joast of 

 Africa, like Deilephila nerii. Tiie Saliara is an effective barrier between the 

 Palaearctic and Aethiopian faunae. 



The Oriental species which are found as such in Japan, North China, 

 Corea, or Amnrland cannot be counted as Palaearctic, Acherontia sU/x, 

 Oxyamhuhjx ochracea, Clayiis bilineata, Cephonodes Jujlas, Acosmeryx naga, 

 Macroylossum pyrrJiosticta, corythus, faro, passalus, Gurelca masuriensis, Theretra 

 nessus, pinastrina, Uhyncholaha acteus, and also the Chino-Japanese Paruni 

 colligata, are outside the proper Palaearctic fauna. These elements are com- 

 paratively recent immigrants, and correspond to the Neotropical immigrants of 

 North America. That the road by which they travelled is, however, an old 

 one is proved by the numerous eastern Palaearctic genera, species, and sub- 

 species which liave their nearest relatives in the Oriental Region. Five species 

 common to both Regions are represented in each by a different subspecies : 

 Psilogramma mcnejiliroii, I'hyllospkinyia dissimilis, Marumha sprrcliius, Ampelo- 

 pliaga nibiginosa, and Lartgia zenzeroicfes. The eastern Palaearctic species, 

 Callumhulyx tatarinovi, Marumha gaschkewitschi, janlwwsldi, maachi, Oxyam- 

 bulyx japonica, schauff'elbergeri, Acosmeryx castanea, Rliagastis mongoliana, and 

 Theretra japonica, belong to Oriental genera ; and Dolbina exacta and tanerei 

 have near allies in North India in Dolbina inexacta and Bolbinopsis grisea, 

 and Ilyloicus ealiginom m Thamnoerhu iiniformig. None of these Palaearctic 

 species extend to Central Asia or Enro})e. 



Of the remaining nineteen genera found in the tem{)erate zone of the 

 Eastern Hemisphere we may dismiss llerse, which is represented only by tlie 

 wandering //. eonrolndi occurring all over the Old World, inclusive of New 

 Zealand, whicli no other Hawk Moth has reached. Three are restricted to the 

 Pacific district : Sphingulus, Kentochrgsalis, and Sphecodina. The last genus 

 has only two species, one of them occurring in the Nearctic Region ; the 

 distribution is in so far curious as the Palaearctic species is Pacific and 

 tlie Nearctic one Atlantic. The genus is a derivation from the Afro-Indian 

 Philampelinne. Kentochrysalia and Sphingulus, together with Dolbina, belong 



