( cxx ) 



to Mu' siimJl trihc Splii iKjiiUcar, vvliich has one more representative in North 

 India { I lolljiiiopi^is) and tliree in Australia (Ttirae/iroa, Sy/ioi'f/ia, and Ho/j- 

 liflcncnut'). Tlii'se seven genera are all that is Ici't of the tribe ; perhaps a 

 few more s])eci('s than are known may be discovered in tlie Himalayan 

 countries, China, and Australia. Tiie tribe is probably very ancient, and had 

 formerly a more iniiform distrilmtidn in the Oriental IJegion, only remnants 

 being now extant. 



The difference between the Western and Eastern divisions of the Palae- 

 arctic ]{egion is enhanced by Central Asia, Asia Minor, and Europe possessing 

 five genera not occurring in Amurland and Japan. Spliingonaepiopsis is 

 Talaearctic, Oriental, and African, and is, like the West Palaearctic and 

 Nearctic Proserpiims, a derivation from the African Pliilampelinae. Akbesia, 

 found only in Syria, comes nearest to the Aethiopian genus Batocnema. 

 Bcnitiina from Syria and Persia is a specialisation of Ampelophaga inhabiting 

 India, China, Amurland, and Japan. Rrthera of Central Asia and Afghanistan 

 has its nearest ally in the Oriental Region, and is of Oriental extraction. To 

 these genera we must add the African Beileplula nerii and Acherontia atropos, 

 which do not occur in the eastern parts of the Palaearctic Region ; and Theretra 

 alccto, which has developed into a pale subspecies in Syria, occasionally 

 occurring northward to the Caspian Sea, but rarely entering Europe. 



Tliere are now left to be discussed tiie genera ranging from Europe to 

 Japan. Macroglossum has one species which is much specialised, and is 

 nearest in characters to some Aethiopian ones, but may be a development 

 from an Oriental sjjecies (of the group of helis). Alacroglossum stdlntarum 

 occurs all over the Palaearctic Region, and goes southward into Nortii-western 

 India. Ihjloicua is Palaearctic, Nearctic, and Neotrojjical ; it is of American 

 origin, and has five species in tlie Palaearctic fanna, three being restricted to 

 the Pacific side {(■(iligininm, obfrthueri, and crai^sistnga) and two occurring from 

 Spain to Japan (pinasfri and ligustvi), but having developed into a western 

 and an eastern subspecies. Mimas comes from the Afro-Indian stock of 

 Ambulicinae ; it contains only one species, represented in the west and the 

 east of the Region by a well-marked subspecies (Mimas filiae c/a-isfop/ti and 

 Mimas tiliaf- tiliac). Amorplia is a development of the Oriental branch of 

 Ambulicinae ; its two sjjecies overlap in Russia and Trauscaspia, A. amurensis 

 ranging from Amurland to North Russia, and A. popidi in three subspecies 

 from Morocco, Spain, and Great Britain eastward to Central Asia and Asia 

 Minor. Sj>liin.:v is likewise a derivation from Oriental Ambulicinae {Callam- 

 bulgu.-) ; it lias a|)pareiitly come into Europe by way of Afghanistan and Persia, 

 Central Asia possessing the most primitive member of the genus {Sphinx 

 kindermaniii), while Europe {Sphinx ocellata) and North America {Sphinx 

 jamaicensis) have the most specialised ones. Europe and Japan have only one 

 sj)ecies of Sphinx each, while Central Asia has two, Amurland three, and 

 North America two, besides the derivative genus Calasi/mbolus. Haemorrhagia 

 is, like Sjihiii.r, Holarctic, but has one s{)ecies in India {saundersi), and another, 



