( 348 ) 



(livisidii. The rriction-scak's of t lie cluster (c?) are, as in the Sj>////i(jii/rie ntn-md/io- 

 fj/iorut', often absent; lint if tliej' occnr, they are erect or half erect, never forminij; a 

 smooth patch as in Acherontiitiae and Ambulicinae. They (leveiop to large, strongly 

 ribbed, often asyiunietrical, lanceulati', pointed or trnnciite scales, whicli are easily 

 recognised with the naked eye (PI. LVIII. f. 37). If these scales are mncb 

 enlarged, their nnmber is reduced, the smallest number (one) being found in some 

 Choerocampinae. 



The legs offer also some peculiarities ncit met witli among the previous sub- 

 families. The mid- and hindcoxal mernm are carinate behind or are jiroduced 

 backwards into a large tooth in many Sesiinae. and Neplwlicae (PI. LXIII. f. 'S). The 

 tibiae are rarely spinose, and tlie pro.ximal pairof spurs of the liindtibia is absent from 

 only one species {Microfsphinx pumilmn). The anterior tibia is occasionally produced 

 into a thorn, as iiappens also among tiie Sphiiiqidde asemanophorai'. The comb of 

 tiie mid- and hindtarsus is often present, but tlie spines are never much prolonged, 

 a comb us rejiresented by PI. LXIV. f. 7 being confined to the Acherontiinae. Tlie 

 S])urs ap[)ear often crested on tiie innerside, the scales being here raised, often spine- 

 like, and we find occasionally a distinct coml) of spines (PI. LXIV. f. 8). The 

 external spines of the mid-, and hindtarsus are sometimes very numerous, short and 

 strong, lying almost flat upon the tarsus (Mucrof/lossinn, Atemnora, etc.). The 

 pulvillus does not disappear often, only one species of Haemorrhugia, Arctonotus 

 lucidus, and Euproserpinus phaeton (we have not seen Arctonotus terlooi and 

 Euproserpinus euterpe) being without it. The paronychium preserves as a rule the 

 four lobes, with a few exceptions, the ventral lobes being occasionally reduced 

 (Gitrelcn, Sphingonaepiopsis, etc.), or the paronychium being altogether vestigial 

 (Arrtotiotus, Euproserpinus) . 



The wings are very variable in shape ; the freunlum and retinaculum are 

 always present. 



Tlie tongue-case of the pupa always reaches to the end of the wing-cases, 

 never being abbreviated as in Ceratomia among Acherontiinae and in nearly 

 all Amhulicinae. It is often enlarged frontad, and compressed, and projects in 

 Wnjncholaha in a similar way as in Protoparce. 



The larvae are notgranulose as in Amhulicinae, nor have they ever a triangular 

 head ; they are also not regularly banded as in most Protoparce, Hi/loicus ligustri, 

 etc. The horn of the cylindrical larvae is often straight or curved forward, and is 

 longest in the early stages ; in the last stage it is occasionally reduced to a button- 

 like tubercle. The anterior segments and the head are often reduced, and the third 

 and fourth enlarged. Ocellated larvae occur only in the present division of the 

 Sphingidae. A sharply marked dorso-lateral line running from head to horn is 

 very often met with. 



The ancestral forms from which this mass of species has developed are 

 represented by Pachylia, Pseuclosphinx, Isognathus, Erinngis, Grammodia, and 

 Pholus. The ancestral genera possessed non-clubbed antenna, with a long end- 

 segment, which was, however, more elongate-bottle-shajied than filiform; a large 

 palpus with the sensory hairs of the first segment occupying the whole non-sealed area 

 of the inner surface ; uniserial, long, stout, conical spines to the abdomen ; in $ 

 numerous small friction-scales not very different in size from the onlinary scales 

 of the I'hisper ; in $ a triangular non-spinose seventh sternite ; a simjily rounded 

 merum to mid- and hiiidcoxae ; fully developed pulvillus and paronychium ; a 

 comb of moderately long spines on the mid- and hindtarsi ; a smooth, sub- 



