( :U9 ) 



(■yliiidrifiil, iiiitoridrly evenly nmnded piipa ; and a cyliiidnCal larva with loti;^ 

 straight horn and rounded head. 



The generalised genera mentioned before fall into trt-o gronjis : Pholiis with 

 non-divided tenth alxloniinal segment of the S , and Psciiclos/ihin.r to Graminodki 

 with symmetrically divided tenth c? -segment. From I'seitdospfnnx and allies a 

 series of genera leads upwards through Packylia, llemeroplanes, Periyonia, Sesia, 

 to Haemorrhagia, Cephonodes and Sataspex. This is one main branch of the 

 Semanojtiiorae, giving rise to several small side-branches. The second series starts 

 from Pholds, and divides soon into several branches. 



Of all these issues from the ancestral Semanophorae only one group ot genera 

 is sharply circumscribed ; it claims the rank of a subfamily. This group, which 

 belongs to the P/io/us-su\e of the Sphimjidae semanophorae, comprises the genera 

 Theretra, Xiflophaiies, Pe/yesaaiul allies, and is termed by us Choerocampinae. We 

 may leave this subfamily out of consideration for the j)resent. The I'eraaining 

 groups of Semanophorae are not so obviously distinguished from one another in all 

 their members, owing to the preservation of generalised forms linking the groups 

 together, and to the differences becoming obscured by^ the recurrence of similar 

 structures in phylogenetically widely different genera. But we think it wise to give 

 to each of the two natural sections, the Pseudosphinx-hnmch, wwAthQ i'^o/w.s-branch 

 (exclusive of Choeroca7npii)ae),f,\\\iiw\n\\\ rank, the two subfamilies being designated 

 as Sesiinae and Philampelinae, the former ending in Sataspes, the latter comprising 

 as highly spccifilised members tlie genera Maeroglossum, Kuproserjiint/s, Micro- 

 aphinx, Elibia, etc. 



The Sesiinae are mostly American ; they exiiibit very often asymmetrical 

 development of the copnlatory apjiaratus in both sexes. The seventh sternite of 

 the ? is larg(?, (juadrangular in a number of genera, and is in the higher forms 

 spinose at the end like the j)receding sternites. The friction-scales of the clasper 

 are small in the lower genera and absent from the higher ones, never developing to 

 large lanceolate scales as in the Pholus-series. The ])uj)a has never a compressed 

 Thei'etra-like tongue-case. The imago of the "higher genera is mimetic {Sataspes, 

 Haemorrhagia, etc.) ; mimetism is known also of some larvae uf Sesiinae (llemero- 

 planes, Leacorhampha). 



The Philaiiipelinae, on the other liand, are for the greater part inhabitants of 

 the Old World ; they have many affinities with the Choerocampinae, characters of the 

 latter subfamily appearing fretjuent ly among them — for instance, the enlarged friction- 

 scales, the compressed tongue-case of the pupa, the swollen third and fourth 

 segments of the larvae, eye-spots, etc. The Philampelinae follow partly the 

 Choerorampinae in the diiectiou of development, ])artly tlie Sesiinae ; the series 

 Nephele to Maeroglossum is Sesiad in several resj)ects, and has, on account of this 

 similarity, always been considered far more closely related to Sesia, Haemorrhagia 

 and allies than to Deilephila, Acosmeri/x, etc. The resemblance between Sesia 

 and Maeroglossum, for instance, is indeed surprising, referring to the antennae, 

 the spination and anal tuft of the abdomeu, and the midcoxal mernm. 



Subfamily Sesiinae. — Typus : Haemorrhagia titgiis. 



Bmnlnjliiie Hiibner, Verz. heh: Srhm. p. 131 (1822) (p.artim). 

 Enmorphae id., I.e. p. 13H (1822) (partim). 

 Dfili'philae id., I.e. p. 136 (1822) (partim). 

 Mandiicae id.. I.e. p. 138 (1822) (paititn). 



