May 1, 1866. ) 



JOURNAL OP HORTICULTURE iND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



325 



As soon as this has attained some length, it is advisable to tie 

 it gently to a stick, or some other support, to prevent accident 

 by wind, and when the wood of the new shoot becomes firm 

 the stock may be cut down to within a couple of inches of the 

 point of union ; and, if it is not intended to remove the plant 

 for some time, it should be earthed up, covering the union 

 with at least 2 inches of soil. I have heard it affirmed that it 

 takes a longer time to form as strong a union of the bud with 

 the Manetti than it does with the briar. I am inclined to 

 believe this to be correct, and the rationale of it appears to be 

 the greater activity of the sap of the Mauctti, and the longer 

 duration of its action. The tjing and earthing up, therefore, 

 may materially assist in preventing fracture. 



The months of July and August are recommended as being 

 the best time for budding ; it may be done in September, but 

 it is not advisable to defer it too long. All buds inserted in 

 August and September should, if possible, be kept dormant all 

 the winter. This may be effected by not shortening the stocj. 

 The Ugature should be removed when the bud has taken, and 

 it may then be left till the following spring. When it is found 

 that the bud is about to start, the stock should be shortened 

 as above stated. It is advised by some to cover the budded 

 stocks with straw or other light material during the winter, but 

 if the weather prove wet after their being so covered more injury 

 than good resiilts, and I think it best, on the whole, to leave 

 them improtected. I confess, however, that this is only a 

 matter of opinion, and not of actual experience. Dormant 

 buds should certainly not be buried in soil duiing the winter ; 

 exposure to the weather is safer. 



2nd, Prdjiagation of the Manetti. — The preceding notes were 

 penned before I saw the excellent article by Mr. Cleaver in the 

 Journal of April 17. As I fully concur in the statements there 

 made, and believe them to be founded upon a careful observa- 

 tion of facts, it would be superfluous to repeat now what is 

 there given in reference to the propagation of the Manetti by 

 cuttings. Another mode of propagation, equally simple, is by 

 layers. If a few old plants are reserved for this purpose, all 

 the shoots of sufScient length sent out from the collar or 

 bottom of the stock may be pegged down according to the 

 usual practice of laj'ering, as soon as the wood is ripe. If the 

 shoots are long, more than one new plant can be obtained by 

 slightly incurving the shoot between the pegs. 



The complaint of a deficient supply of stocks has been fre- 

 quently expressed of late. The reason is undoubtedly the 

 greater demand for them arising from the increasing apprecia- 

 tion of the Manetti, and the growing conviction that its merits 

 have been faithfully recorded by those who have advocated and 

 advised its use. The adoption of it is yearly becoming more 

 general, and the careful rosarian will value it as one of the 

 chief means at present within reach for enabling him to obtain 

 a permanency for his plants, and a succession of good bloom 

 year afcer year which the Dog Rose very rarely affords. 



Another point of inquiry in connection with the Manetti 

 stock ought not to be passed over without notice. I allude to 

 the selection of kinds suitable to the stock. A list of such 

 would indeed be a long one, and among them would be several 

 desirable varieties whicii are not naturally strong, but which 

 receive from the stock more vigour than can be imparted to 

 them by any other means. I have noticed, however, anomalies 

 which as yet have not been satisfactorily accounted for. I have, 

 then, to ask for the experience and testimony of other contri- 

 butors. Another season may do much towards clearing up 

 some of these discrepancies, and having extended this article 

 beyond the limits at first intended, with the permission of the 

 Editors, I think it will be better to postpone for a few months 

 the consideration of those points of inquiry. — Adolphhs H. 

 Kent. 



PURE BROCCOLI SEED. 



I WAS surprised by a friend venturing to remark that I should 

 not succeed in raising Broccoli seed true, unless I covered 

 the flowers with muslin. I had raised fair seed from Osborn's 

 Winter White, and then, as in the present instance, having no 

 other species of Brasaica in the garden, I felt the result sound ; 

 but my friend says bees and flies will impregnate with pollen 

 foreign to the Broccoli. What sueh a hybrid would be I cannot 

 say. Give me your ideas.^GEORGEntii. 



[To preserve any of the varieties of Brassica, or the Cabbage- 

 Worts, is very difficult. Broccolis, Cauliflowers, Cabbages, Char- 

 look, and Rape, are all capable of impregnating each other. 

 Gees will carry the pollen from the varioas species and ▼»- 



rieties to the others. Your friend was wrong, if by " foreign" 

 pollen he meant any but that derived from plants belonging to 

 the same tribe.] 



BOILERS. 



Mb. Cooper (page 106) treats of tubular boilers as it they 

 were of recent ijitroduotion, and not fully tested — as if, indeed, 

 sufficient experience of them had not been gained to warrant 

 their being recommended. This is in the main correct, as 

 regards the majority of that description of boiler ; but there are 

 some that have been at work for more than ten years, and of 

 which the qualities and defects would, one may reasonably 

 expect, have been found out in that time. The question of ex- 

 perience with tubular boilers falls to the ground, from the 

 simple fact that Mr. Cooper is able to give an account of their 

 defects. 



Your correspondent draws a very unfavourable picture of the 

 power, economy, and endurance of tubular boilers, and though 

 he offers no data, pronounces in favour of the saddle form of 

 boiler, and puts certain questions at the end of his communi- 

 cation, which I presume he anticipated would be answered in 

 accordance with his own views. 



Mr. Cooper recognises three points as essential to a good 

 boiler — viz., power, economy, and endurance, and upon these 

 points I beg to say a few words, fcoth in respect to tubular, 

 saddle, and other boilers. 



1st, Power. — A boiler derives its power from the extent of 

 its surface exposed to the action of the fire, the proximity to the 

 fire of the parts exposed, and the resistance which they offer to 

 the passage of the heat to the flue. Now, a tubular boiler is so 

 constructed that some parts are immediately in contact with 

 the fire, others immediately over it, all so arranged that the 

 fire must come in contact with more than one part, if not all, 

 before its heat passes into the flue. A saddle boiler does not 

 expose one-half its surface to the direct au J indirect action of the 

 tire, the parts in contact with and directly exposed to it being 

 those from which the water within derives its heat, for the parts 

 indirectly exposed are so coated with " soot and other products 

 of combustion," as to be next to valueless as regards heating 

 power. These principles applied to a tubular boiler mean that 

 one of £20 value exposes to the direct and indirect action of the 

 fire 150 feet of surface, and is calculated to heat 1500 feet of 

 four-inch piping, or 800 gallons of water. A saddle boiler of 

 the value of £20 does not expose more than one-half, or 75 feet 

 of surface to the direct and indirect action of the fire, and can- 

 not be made to heat more than 700 feet of four-inch pipe, ox 

 about 373 gallons of water. 



Take one hundredweight of coke for the tubular boiler, and 

 a like weight of slack or small coal for the saddle boiler, with 

 14 lbs. of wood to each ; let fires be kindled under them simul- 

 taneously, and allow in each case ten minutes grace to get 

 under weigh or obtain a fire, and then let us see how they act. 

 The tubular boiler will now take the whole of the hundred- 

 weight of coke, and the saddle its remaining quota of slack. It 

 is well with the stoker minding the tubular boiler, for he may 

 open wide the ash-pit door, and ere long he will hear the sound 

 of the water being rapidly heated in the boiler, and in a few 

 minutes more the noise increases. It is now high time to 

 close the ash-pit door to such an extent as to check the draught, 

 and thus prevent the water being heated so quickly as to rush 

 through the flow-pipes faster than the return-pipes can bring it 

 in to be heated. The saddle boiler, on the contrary, will give 

 the stoker a large amount of care and labour for the whole of 

 the time requisite to heat the water. The time required in each 

 case will be as follows :— Fires lighted at 9 a.m., both boilers 

 having good fires under them at 'J. 10, when the tubular ia 

 charged with the remainder of the hundredweight of coke, the 

 saddle being atill worked on. At 9.55 the water rises through 

 the flow-pipe of the tubular boiler at a temperature of 180°, 

 which is BuSiciently hot for all horticultural purposes. The 

 tubular boiler fire may now be slackened, and at ihe end of 

 three hours the water atill leaves the boiler at a temperature of 

 180°. The saddle at 9.55 does not circulate through the flow 

 water of a higher temperature than 90°, and it is 11.40 a.m. 

 before the water comes through the flow-pipe at a temperature 

 of 180°, the quota of fuel being all on the fire, and more re- 

 quired to maintain the temperature attained by the water. The 

 tubular will also require at the same time another 1 cwt. of coke, 

 which will serve to maintain the water at a temperature of 180 

 from six to eight hours. A tubular boiler, therefore, heats 

 double the amount ol water in one-third of the time with ths 



