194 Joi^RNAL OF THE MiTCHELL SOCIETY [Mavch 



southward through the Sand Mountain of nortliern Alabama. It occupies not 

 less than a million acres, much of it on limestone soil, being some of the most 

 productive land in these states. 



20-21. Yellow poplar — white oak — black oak-^white hickory (big leaf cu- 

 cumber) types, qualities 3 and 4. These types are typically developed on sandy 

 soils, often calcarious, on the Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee and the Sand 

 Mountain in Alabama. Quality 4 represents the dryest site on which the yellow 

 poplar occurs. 



22-23-24. Bed oak pure types, qualities 4, 5 and sub 5. These types occur 

 in comparatively small bodies along crests of ridges and north slopes with 

 shallow soil from Pennsylvania southward to northern Georgia. In northern 

 Georgia and the adjacent territory they occur between 3000 and 5000 feet alti- 

 tudes. They probably occupy in excess of 100,000 acres. In the White Moun- 

 tains these types occupy south slope or valleys (as on Oliverian Brook, Bethlehem, 

 Grafton County, N. H.). 



25-26. Beech pure types, qualities 4 and 5. These stands occupy compara- 

 tively small areas along the crests of the ridges, mountain summits, and benches 

 on upper slopes between (in North Carolina) 4500 and 6000 feet. It is dou]>tful 

 if the aggregate area exceeds 10,000 acres. (Appendix 17.) 



27. Beech — yellow birch — 'sugar maple type, quality 3. Tliis forest type 

 occupies several million acres. To the northward it is characteristically developed 

 at medium altitudes on loamy and clay soils, often rocky. To the southward it 

 becomes limited to north slopes and correspondingly higher altitudes, phases of 

 it frequently occupying extensive areas of stony soil, especially on the Cumberland 

 plateau and the north slopes of sandstone ridges. 



28. Bed maple — pin oak — green ash — black gum — alder type. This is charac- 

 teristically a type of the wet clay flats and wetter alluvials and enters the Appa- 

 lachians only in Virginia, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. It is one of the 

 less imi^ortant types occupying comjjaratively small areas. South of West 

 Virginia pin oak is absent. 



29-31. Hemlock — birch types, qualities 1, 2 and 3. These occasionally are 

 almost pure hemlock. While the birch is prevailingly yellow birch., there is, 

 especially toward the South, a considerable admixture of black birch. These 

 types once occupied not less than 10 million acres in the Eastern States. The 

 present area of the unlumbered types probably is less than a million acres, mostly 

 in small bodies. Quality 3 is characteristically developed on soils which are 

 either wet, on account of lack of drainage due to the stony substratum, as 

 developed around Highlands, N. C, or there is better drainage and the type is 

 located on north slopes with poor insolation, as occurs throughout the Shenandoah 

 Mountains. (Appendix 18.) 



32. Spruce pine — chestnut oak — chestnut type, quality 4. This type is most 

 characteristically developed on the points of shale and sandstone ridges in Ken- 

 tucky and Tennessee. It occurs, however, to the northward on similar sites 

 through extreme northeastern West Virginia and northern Virginia to Mary- 

 land and is likewise Avell developed in places on spurs of the Blue Ridge in 



