PERIODICAL LITKRATURK 243 



ditions, due to former cultivation and not to fire. There is no proof 

 presented that they would not have survived on the formerlv plowed 

 area, even if the fire had not occurred. 



Many studies elsewhere in the South indicate that the reproduction 

 of longleaf pine is not made possible by ground fires and brush fires, 

 but rather that the species is wonderfully adapted, even in its juvenile 

 stage, to survive them. In most places in the South the pasturage of 

 hogs in longleaf-pine forests is a decided factor in reproduction. 



J. W. T. 



Botanical Gazette, Vol. LXIV, December, 1917, pp. 497-508. 



Damage by hail to forest growth is rare and 

 Hail usually insignificant. Badoux recalls some cases 



Damage in which the damage was sufficient to require the 



cutting of the injured stands to avoid insect pests, 

 notably some 600 acres of pine and spruce of all age classes in 1888 in 

 Silesia and some 300 acres of 50 to 120 year old stands of the same 

 species in upper Bavaria in 1900. Some 30,000 acres in Switzerland 

 and Baden were more or less damaged in July, 1881, when in broadleaf 

 stands the foliage turned yellow and brown, the coniferous stands 

 looked as if caterpillars had eaten them, shoots and i to 5 year branch- 

 lets with leaves and needles covered the ground completely and the 

 bark was often broken. It does not seem, however, to have been neces- 

 sary to cut prematurely anywhere, but the repair of the damage was 

 rather slow and staghead and death of trees was not infrequent. 



More detail of the damage is given by the author regarding an un- 

 usually severe hail storm that took place in Switzerland in July, 19 13, 

 at an elevation of over 3,000 feet. The hail stones reached the size of 

 hens' eggs, and in some places were piled 20 inches high, after 24 hours 

 measuring still 12 inches along a house wall. In the forest the ground 

 was covered with leaves and twigs. The spruces, the dominant species, 

 were entirely defoliated on the windward (western) side, the leeward 

 side remaining comparatively little damaged. Two years later the 

 aspect remained still the same; in the years 1915 and 1916 a large part 

 of the trees had become stagheaded, but only a small number of spruce 

 had died. Being accustomed to the ills of an alpine climate with stout, 

 close foliage, the s[)ruce originating from natural regeneration is evi- 

 dently more resistant than it would be under other conditions. 



The author attempted to determine the degree of damage in a small 

 55-year-old spruce forest by use of the increment borer on seven more 

 or less damaged dominanl trees and some chccU trees. The diameter 



