332 joruxAi. oi' i'()i<i:s'i'KN' 



maple 6 to 12 inches high. The sod cover had not yet been destroyed. 

 Vfter a period of 10 years the catalpa have been overtopped by the 

 native growth. A Hberation might save them, but the lack of adapta- 

 tion to soils would hardly warrant this procedure. The species rarely 

 fails to survive transplanting, even under most adverse conditions. It 

 will persist, and cases have been known where the height growth has 

 only been i to 2 feet in 10 years. In northeastern Ohio a heavily 

 grazed woodlot was re-enforced with one-year catalpa seedlings two 

 years following the removal of stock. The site was an eastern exposure 

 of fertile, well-drained sandy loam. The open area, approximately 

 one-third acre, contained a natural seeding of ironwood, sugar maple. 

 l)lack gum. and a few scattered tulip poplar from 2 to 8 inches high. 

 Light conditions were favorable for the catalpa. In the ii-year period 

 the species has held its own with the poplar and will probably reach 

 maturity. The average annual height growth the first three years was 

 2 feet. 



The European larch may be regarded as a species of value in open 

 woods among natural seeding of inferior quality. Its adaptation to 

 soil range is not as restricted as that of the osage orange and catalpa 

 and its form and rate of growth are much superior. It can be easily 

 handled in hardwood mixtures, particularly that of ironwood, blue 

 beech, sourwood, gum, etc. The easily distinguished character of the 

 tree is of considerable advantage in facilitating liberation cuttings in 

 dense growth. 



The Russian mulberry (Morns alba) may be left out of considera- 

 tion entirely as a factor in wood production, although it may occasion- 

 ally be employed as a windbreak on southerly and westerly exposures 

 of open wind-swept woodlots. Its wood is extremely durable, but the 

 tree rarely produces merchantable material. 



Ohio forests are characterized by two typical areas — the beech-maple 

 type, with associates of tulip poplar, white ash, linden, ironwood. black- 

 gum, and red oak. Following severe grazing, this type rejuvenates 

 rapidly and satisfactorily if properly managed. Even though neglected, 

 the superior commercial species, such as white ash, tulip poplar, and 

 linden, become dominant trees in the stand, providing they are not sup- 

 pressed by an overwood. This type perpetuates itself more satisfac- 

 torily than any of the hardwood region and its character changes less 

 from generation to generation. As a subsequence, artificial regenera- 

 tion may be little needed to retard degeneration. The oak type, com- 

 ])osed of the various species of oak. with associates of chestnut, black 

 gum, ironwood, sourwood, the several species of hickories, may, on the 



