FORESTRY AND GAME CONSERVATION 407 



or reconnaissance. A proper game census should give us the number 

 of head by species (stand estimates), a game distribution map (type 

 map), data by unit areas on predatory animal damage (fire and insect 

 damage), data on water, cover, and foods (soils and site qualities), and 

 figures by unit areas on past annual kill (old cuttings). 



The next step is, install a system of patrol .against illegal killing and 

 predatory animal damage (timber-trespass and fire damage). This is 

 for the purpose of safeguarding needed breeding stock (growing 

 stock), the loss of which would seriously impair the productiveness of 

 our forest. 



We may assume in this analogy that we have an unlimited permanent 

 demand for all the hunting we can furnish (timber market). This 

 being the case, good management demands the immediate adoption of 

 a system of regulation of annual kill (annual cut), with the aim of 

 sustained annual kill (sustained annual yield). To determine the 

 amount of breeding stock (growing stock) which is to serve as a basis 

 of sustained yield, we first segregate as game refuges the ranges of 

 rare or threatened speties (protection forests). We also segregate as 

 game refuges areas chiefly valuable for recreation and scenery (recre- 

 ation forests). Next we take the breeding stock on the remaining 

 hunting grounds and determine our annual limitation of kill (limitation 

 of cut). 



From here on the analogy is suggestive rather than absolute. For 

 present purposes it will suffice to point out that in the determination of 

 annual kill we use kill factors, which will be explained in future arti- 

 cles. They are calculated empirically and are analogous to yield tables. 

 We may also adopt a killable age of game roughly analogous to a rota- 

 tion. We also make use of game refuges, bag limits, and a limitation 

 in the number of hunting permits, the combined effect of which is 

 analogous to a combination of area and volume regulation of cut in 

 forestry. 



Given a market, we make game laws (sale contracts) specifying 

 certain license fees (stumpage rates). We may adopt limitations on 

 age and sex of animals to be taken, which arc analogous to marking 

 rules. 



Before cutting begins we decide on the system of regeneratfon. In 

 most instances this will be natural increase (natural reproduction), 

 but this may be supplemented by artificial restocking (planting). If 

 so. we may establish a game farm (nursery). It is again important to 

 point out that in no case where we cannot restock should we allow even 

 the local removal of more than a fixed minimum of breeding stock 

 (seed trees). 



