REVIEWS 457 



The author considerately gives a 25-page resume in EngHsh, with 

 a summary which we quote in full : 



In Sweden Larix europaa, sibirica, and leptolepis have been successfully cul- 

 tivated as forest trees. During the last few years experiments have also been 

 made with Larix occidentalis. Isolated specimens of Larix auicricana and 

 dahurica have been cultivated in parks. It is further considered that experi- 

 ments ought to be made with Larix kurilensis, and in the fell districts with 

 Larix lyallii. As regards the more important species of larch, this inquiry has 

 brought out the following points : 



Larix europcva is cultivated over almost the whole of Sweden ; in Norrland 

 in somewhat isolated specimens as far as Pitaea, and probably also in Hapa- 

 randa. It is scarcely to be found in the inner parts of Upper Norrland. It 

 began to be planted about 1750, but as a forest tree not until 1780-1790. 



As a rule, larch plants were obtained from Great Britain, especially from 

 Scotland. The older larch woods obtained from there are distinguished by a 

 strikingly straight stem, strong growth in height, relatively thin bark, and a not 

 very bushy crown. These characteristics are so very marked that we must dis- 

 tinguish a special Scottish race. From the middle of the nineteenth century, 

 when forest culture in Sweden had spread greatly, owing to influence from 

 German forest literature — on the estates of private persons, especially through 

 foresters who had immigrated from Germany — larch seed came to be sent from 

 the mountain districts of central Europe, probably more and more from the 

 Tyrol. 



The larch woods that have thus come into existence are characterized by a 

 very high percentage of crooked stems, a somewhat weaker height growth, 

 great thickness of bark, and often a rather bushy crown. These characters 

 make the Tyrolean larch unsuitable for mixed forests. Thus the crooked stems 

 of certain larch woods or certain individual larches are due to inherei.t race 

 properties, and not, as was formerly assumed, to its rapidity of growth, as com- 

 pared with other trees in the stand. 



The larch can with advantage be cultivated in pure woods on the best forest 

 grounds in Sweden. On grounds of the quality grades 1.0-0.4 for pine a mix- 

 ture of larch with pine can advantageously be made, either in the form of in- 

 dividual trees or in small groups. 



As appears from the stand survey in Table VTT, tiiis larch attains consider- 

 able productivity in a short time. On better ground the period for the pro- 

 duction of a certain dimension of larch need only be two-thirds of that for 

 pine; on poorer ground only one-half the same. On the worst ground of all — 

 quality grades 0,2-0.1 for pine — the larch cannot be cultivated with advantage. 



As the larch is to a great extent exposed to larch-canker ail over Sweden, it 

 should by preference be cultivated in mixed woods and especially by mixture 

 with pine. Mixture with spruce ought to be avoided, and can only be tolerated 

 with spruce as undergrowtli. Larch with bcecli interspersed makes an excel- 

 lent stand, for the European larch seed should be chosen from the Scottish and 

 Silesian race, not from the Tyrolean race. The best thing, however, is to col- 

 lect seed from the fine larch woods that already exist in Sweden. 



Larch woods mnst be thinned early and heavily. The first thinning t.ikes 



