473 jOUliNAL OF FORESTRY 



Service in 19 17, which included the detailed examination of 62 pave- 

 ments in different cities of the South, discloses the fact that almost all 

 of the trouble experienced with this class of pavement was due to the 

 use of sand "cushions" and fillers. Serious expansion troubles were 

 experienced with 23 pavements in a lot of 35 that were constructed on 

 sand "cushions" with sand fillers, while eight more of the lot were 

 troublesome in a minor degree. In a lot of 30 pavements laid with 

 bituminous filler, 20 on mortar and 10 on sand "cushions," none gave 

 serious trouble and only four gave slight trouble. The method of 

 treatment used — that is, specific gravity of the creosote, fractional dis- 

 tillation of the creosote, etc. — appeared to have little influence upon the 

 behavior of the pavement toward expansion. Sand fillers are abso- 

 lutely condemned and sand cushions are stated to be especially bad 

 near car tracks. Pavements subjected to heavy vehicular traffic give 

 less trouble than pavements in residence districts. 



B. L. G. 



Wood-block Pavement Failures of Southern Cities Analysed. C. H. Teesdale. 

 Engineering News-Record, LXXX, pp. 307-310. 



It is asserted that the new "Kelez type" of 

 Progress in wooden ship can be constructed with 20 per cent 

 Wooden-ship less timber, in 20 per cent less time, and with 40 

 Design per cent more of the labor unskilled than is re- 



quired in the building of the conventional wooden 

 ship. Moreover, an increase in cargo capacity of 20 per cent, on ac- 

 count of the square hold, is claimed for this type of vessel. The design 

 incorporates the square hold of the tanker with the molded stem and 

 stern of the standard wooden ship, the completed vessel presenting 

 much the appearance of a steel vessel of the usual type. The most 

 novel feature of the design is a central longitudinal bracing extending 

 from the keelson to the deck beams in the form of a Howe truss, which 

 greatly stiffens the ship and prevents hogging in heavy weather. A 

 mid-section of the ship shows practically vertical sides extending to 

 the knuckle strake, while the bottom from the knuckle strake to the 

 keel is very flat. This simplifies the construction of the frames, and 

 the planking, flooring, and decking can be placed by ship carpenters 

 who have had only limited experience. Less timber is wasted in adzing 

 and dressing these members, due to the simplicity of the design. A 98- 

 foot vessel of the Kelez type has given exceptionally good service in 

 Behring Sea — the wildest and most tempestuous offshoot from the 

 Pacific Ocean. It is claimed that the adoption of this type of vessel 



