REVIEWS 589 



the above table, it appears that in the spruce the 635 seedHngs per acre, 

 which include trees up to one inch in diameter, are reduced to 6 when 

 the trees are 6 to 12 inches in diameter, while the 3,972 balsam are also 

 reduced to 6. 



In the author's opinion, each logging operation for softwoods so 

 stimulates the growth of the hardwoods that the crowns of the domi- 

 nant species fill all gaps in the canopy and stimulate the development 

 of a more or less dense thicket of hardwood shrubbery on the forest 

 floor. Both of these tend to suppress the spruce and balsam. He be- 

 lieves that the lessees of these cut-over timber limits, who are chiefly 

 companies manufacturing paper pulp, cannot afford to hold them, where 

 they are now dominated by hardwoods, for a second crop of spruce 

 and balsam, because of the long length of time required and the proba- 

 bility of a yield of an average of three cords or less of pulpwood per 

 acre. Were it possible to utilize the hardwoods without too much de- 

 struction of the young balsam and spruce, the problem would solve 

 itself. As it is, however, if the dominant hardwoods cannot be elimi- 

 nated there is little hope that the present pulpwood limits can be in- 

 definitely held by the lessee with the expectation of a profitable yield 

 of pulpwood later on. The author states Ihat comprehensive studies 

 and field experiments should be immediately undertaken to solve this 

 most important problem of Canadian forestry, namely, the economic 

 replacement of pulp species on cut-over pulp lands. 



J. W. T. 



Annual Progress Report upon State Forest Administration in South 

 Australia for the Year iQi6-igiy. By W. Gill. Woods and Forests 

 Department. Adelaide, S. A. 1917. V\). 12. Pits. vi. 



The one successful attempt at a forest policy among the .Australian 

 colonies was made by the almost forestless colony of South .Xustralia. 

 which in 1882 reserved some of its scanty forest area of 217.000 acres 

 and started upon a systematic jilanting campaign. 



The report of the Conservator. Mr. Gill, who is proud to add to his 

 titles the Honorable Vice-Presidency of the Forestry Society of Cali- 

 form'a, is that since 191 1 some 20,000 acres were Ixiught additionally 

 for afforestation ])urposes. and the total area in reserve is stated as 

 148.529 acres. 



The poverty of the native woods in this semi-arid country makes 

 planting the main concern, and since the plantations nnist be fenced in 

 against stock and game, 121,500 acres being so far fenced, the opera- 

 tion is extra expensive, and in the 41 years for which the accounts are 



