606 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



around 715,000 were set out of that species. The wide range of the 

 species in Europe and Asia — from southern Spain to Norway and 

 northern Sweden, east to Lapland, Siberia along the Arctic circle to the 

 Amur and south to Persia — promises ready climatic adaptation, pro- 

 vided seeds are derived from the proper locality. Reference is made 

 to experiments to determine whether crookedness and other local char- 

 acteristics are inherited and repeat themselves ; the question is left, 

 however, somewhat in doubt, Mayr being cited as opposing the theory 

 of inheritance, while Eberswalde experiments support the now gen- 

 erally accepted theory that the characteristics of growth exhibited in a 

 given region propagate themselves. Eastern Prussia and the Riga dis- 

 trict of Russia are referred to as producing straight trees. 



Interesting measurements on the height growth in a plantation of 

 34,000 trees reveal for the first ten years a remarkable increment; a 

 moderate increase of current height growth for the first five years, at 

 the rate of 6.4 inches in the fifth year, then a sudden change to over 

 one foot, and finally in the eleventh year with 32 inches, bringing the 

 total height to 13.5 feet. This is the average, while exceptional speci- 

 mens grew 52 inches in the season and the ten tallest trees averaged as 

 much as 22 feet at 1 1 years. A white-pine plantation in the same time 

 had averaged only 9.2 feet and the Norway spruce only 5.9 feet, al- 

 though eventually it will outgrow the pines. For older stands, Euro- 

 pean experience is adduced, Schwappach's yield table being cited, which 

 for site I gives at 10 years the average height as 12 feet, with diameter 

 of 1.5 inches and with 1,696 trees a volume of 800 cubic feet, while 

 at 100 years the figures are h^ 103 feet : d= 14 inches ; n ^ 170 ; v = 

 13470. 



The frugality of the species as to soil and climatic factors is praised 

 as well as the ease of its propagation. Reference is made to a stand 

 produced by the taungya system, planting 10,000 pines per acre in rows 

 3.3 feet apart, at intervals of 1.3 feet in the rows, and growing between 

 the rows for three seasons potatoes, clearing in this period $20 per 

 acre and the plantation without cost. The usual method in Germany 

 is to plant one or two year-olds ; sometimes seeding in plots. Cone 

 sowings have produced many of the older stands. Mixing with spruce 

 and underplanting with beech is done to prevent soil deterioration. 

 Natural regeneration, which on account of its light requirements had 

 been often a failure, is lately coming into use again, especially in the 

 strip system. 



The author concludes that "there seems no special need for planting 

 (this pine) extensively in Pennsylvania for forestry purposes." Many 



