718 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



succeed are those in the gaps between the clumps of old trees or be- 

 neath those which have recently died." The effects of fire are well pre- 

 sented and discussed at some length. Although the fires are mainly 

 light surface fires, the aggregate damage is enormous and is classified 

 under the following headings : 



(1) Fire scarring of the butts of merchantable j^ellow pine; 42 out of every 

 100 trees were fire scarred, as determined by a careful cruise. 



(2) The killing of occasional trees by the burning through of the base. The 

 average fire "on land which has been periodically burned over before kills in 

 this way one merchantable tree on from i to 4 acres." 



(3) The pitching of the butts of commercial trees. A tally of 1,184 showed 

 25 per cent of them "pitched." 



(4) The impoverishment of the soil by repeated burnings. 



(5) Destruction of the reproduction which should form the basis for the next 

 crop. 



(6) Degeneration in the forest type. In parts of the State fires may effect 

 a transformation from yellow pine to lodgepole. 



Other sources of injury, such as insects, vegetable parasites, the ele- 

 ments, and animal life receive attention. In discussing wind damage 

 Munger says : "Where the trees are in groups, the wind damage is con- 

 siderably greater than where the reserved trees are evenly distributed. 

 The effect of the wind is particularly severe in a solid body of uncut 

 timber along the lee edge of a cut-over area." Yellow pine may be 

 classed both as a rapid-growing and as a slow-growing tree, depending 

 on the region in which and the condition under which it grows. South- 

 western Oregon is the region within the State where growth is most 

 rapid. Central and eastern Oregon yellow-pine timberlands are con- 

 sidered capable of producing from 75 to 175 feet board measure per 

 acre per year. Only in the last ten years has yellow pine in Oregon 

 been extensively lumbered. In addition to their lumber value, yellow 

 pine stands are capable of supporting one sheep to each 3 acres or one 

 cow to each 15 acres.' Due to cold nights and a short growing season 

 turpentining of yellow pine, tried experimentally, is considered imprac- 

 ticable under present conditions. Logging by horse and railroad is the 

 prevailing method of getting logs to the mills. This method is adapted 

 to the timber and the country. Of the mills cutting chiefly yellow pine 

 (100 in all), only four have a capacity of 80,000 feet or more per 10- 

 hour day. Planting is preferred to direct seeding. Small 2 to 3 year- 

 old trees should be used. For proper management of the public for- 

 ests of yellow pine four lines of work must be carried on : 



Holds principally for eastern and central Oregon. 



