NOTES 837 



Forestry Commission for 1905-06. The Younglove rule is to be used 

 "outside" the bark at a point one-third the length of the log from the 

 small end or "inside" the bark at the middle — a curious condition. This 

 will account for the slightly large figures given by the Younglove rule. 

 It would therefore appear that the Younglove rule is a reliable scale to 

 use under the lumbering conditions prevailing in southern New Eng- 

 land, and the fact that it is still being made and sold makes it worth 

 more than a historical curiosity. 



"Massachusetts'' and Younglove Log Scales Compared 

 12- foot logs 



Diameter at middle Younglove Massachusetts Margolin 



6 18 16 13 



7 21 20 19 



8 30 26 27 



9 37 33 34 



10 46 41 43 



II 56 51 53 



12 68 62 64 



13 79 73 76 



14 91 85 88 



15 103 99 104 



16 119 116 119 



17 137 132 136 



18 154 148 155 



19 172 166 173 



20 189 18s 193 



21 208 204 211 



H. O. Cook, 

 Assistant Forester, Massachusetts. 



Specifications for Cross-ties 



The United States Railroad Administration has announced new uni- 

 form specifications for cross-ties for all American railroads as follows: 



Before manufacturing tics, producers slunikl ascertain froai the railroad to 

 which they contemplate delivering them just which of the following kind of 

 wood suitable for cross-ties will be accepted : Ash, beech, birch, catalpa, cedar, 

 cherry, chestnut, cypress, elm, fir, gum, hackberry, hemlock, hickory, larch, 

 locust, maple, mulberry, oak, pine, redwood, sassafras, spruce, sycamore, and 

 walnut. Others will not be accepted, unless specially ordered. 



Quality. — All ties shall be free from any defects that may impair their strength 

 or durability as cross ties, such as decay, splits, shakes or large or numerous 

 holes or knots. Ties from needle-leaved trees shall be of compact wood, with 

 not less than one-third summer wood when averaging fiye or more rings of 

 annual growth per inch, or with not less than one-half summer wood in fewer 

 rings, measured alf)ng any radius from the pith to the top of the tie. Ties 



