838 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



of coarse wood, with fewer rings or less summer wood, will be accepted when 

 specially ordered. Ties from needle-leaved trees for use without preservative 

 treatment and which shall not have sapwood more than two inches wide on 

 the top of the tie between 20 and 40 inches from the middle will be designated 

 as "heart" ties. Those with more sapwood will be designated as "sap" ties. 



Manufactured. — Ties ought to be made from trees which have been felled 

 not longer than one month. All ties shall be straight, well manufactured, cut 

 square at the ends, have top and bottom parallel and have bark entirely removed. 



Before manufacturing ties, producers should ascertain from the railroad to 

 which they contemplate delivering them just whichl of the following lengths, 

 shapes and sizes will be accepted : 



All ties shall be 8 feet or .8 feet 6 inches long. All ties shall measure as fol- 

 lows : Throughout both sections between 20 and 40 inches from the middle of 

 the ties: 



Ties sawed or hewed top Sawed or hewed top 

 and bottom sides and bottom 



Grade 



I — 6 in. face 6 in. th. 



2 — 7 in. face 6 in. th. 7 in. face 6 in. th, 



3 — 6 in. face 6 in. th. 8 in. face 6 in. th. 



or 7 in. face 7 in. th. 



4 — 8 in. face 7 in. th. 8 in. face 7 in. th. 



5 — 9 in. face 7 in. th. 9 in. face 7 in. th. 



The above are minimum dimensions. 



Ties over one inch more in thickness, or over three inches more in width or 

 over two inches more in length will be degraded or rejected. The top of the 

 tie is the plane farthest away from the pith of the tree, whether or not the pith 

 is present in the tie. 



All ties ought to be delivered to a railroad within a month after being made. 

 Ties delivered on the premises of the railroad shall be stacked not less than 

 10 feet from the nearest rail of any track at suitable and convenient places; 

 but not at public crossings, nor where they will interfere with the views of 

 trainmen nor of people approaching the railroad. 



Ties should be stacked in alternate layers of two and seven, the bottom layer 

 to consist of two ties kept at least 6 inches above the ground, the second layer 

 to consist of two ties kept at least 6 inches above the first layer. When the 

 ties are rectangular, the two outside ties of the layers of seven and the layers 

 of two shall be laid on edge. The ties in layers of two shall be laid at the 

 extreme ends of the ties in the layers of sevens. No stack may be more than 

 12 layers high, and there shall be 5 feet between stacks to facilitate inspection. 



Ties may be ranked like cordwood, in which case the owner shall rehandle 

 them while inspection is being made. 



Ties which have stood on their ends on the ground will be rejected. 



All ties are at the owner's risk until accepted. All rejected ties shall be re- 

 moved within one month after inspection. 



Ties shall be piled as grouped below. Only the kinds of wood named in the 

 same column may be piled together. 



