854 JOURNAL OF FOKKSI'KV 



progress, except here and there where a school-educated man happened 

 to be in charge ; old recipe methods, such as the method "a tire ct aire," 

 etc., established themselves, so that Lorentz, Nanguette, and others had 

 to demolish old prejudices as late as 1850. 



The first great manual of forestry was given us by Carlowitz, an 

 educated mining engineer, a genius who used his school training to 

 work into forestry. Real progress in forestry came with the advent 

 of the forestry school ; the important principles were worked out chiefly 

 by men who had enjoyed a good course of higher education, by the 

 men of universities and academies. 



And today forestry in the different districts of Europe is in good 

 or poor condition in proportion as educated foresters are or are not 

 employed. In the Department des Basses Alpes one sees virgin stands 

 of native spruce and fir making no income to their owners, the villages. 

 Why? Some will say "Lack of funds." But no, the stuff is on the 

 ground now ; an American lumberman could pay good stumpage toda}'. 

 It is the lack of a forester, a man who knows how and can develop 

 these properties and convert the useless and yet valuable woods into 

 income-producing properties. Fine macadam State highways, good 

 railroads, near-by large markets (Lyons, Marseilles, Paris), all the 

 conditions for success are given, and yet the practical but unschooled 

 man makes no progress ; logs for buildings are dragged out by hand in 

 deep ruts, washing into gullies, and the whole affair is medieval. Cheap 

 stumpage exists today in the Tyrol and in many districts of Avistria, 

 while in the Black Forest practically every acre of forest is worked 

 under a well-studied plan and pays a good income. But forestry was 

 not developed by the school-educated forester being set at scaling and 

 chopping or made to stick in the mountains, digging post-holes for the 

 ranger station pasture ; it was developed by putting the man at work 

 in keeping with his preparation and making conditions for him worth 

 his while and decent enough to induce him to stay at the work. 



Very interesting in this connection is the history of the Sihlwald, 

 where, as early as the year 1342, the city's forester was made a member 

 of the city council, which is good evidence that the free people of 

 Ziirich appreciated the fact that it required a man of parts, and not 

 merely a promoted woodchopper, to manage a few thousand acres of 

 important forest and assure to the city a necessary supply of timber 

 and fuel. Where today affairs in forestry are in a satisfactory condi- 

 tion, everything planned and properly looked after, it requires a well- 

 schooled forester to about 10,000 acres of woods and, in addition, five 

 good assistants or underforesters. These latter correspond to the men 



