November 25, 1S69. ] 



JOURNAL OF HOKTICULTUBE AND COTTAGE GABDENEK. 



429 



Cockerels.— 1, C. Taylor (Creve CcBnr). 2, G. E. N. Eawlinson (White 

 Cochin.) 



BiNTiMS (Blaek-brensted and other Reds).—! and 2, J. Mavo. he, 0. 

 W. Washboume ; G. E. N. Rawlinson ; D. Evans, c, C. W. Washbonme. 

 Baktams (Duckwings and other Greys).- 1, J. Mayo. 2, C. W, Wash- 

 bourne. 

 Baktams (Sebrights, any variety).- 1 and 2, J. Mayo (Silver). 

 Bantams (.\ny other variety).— l and 2, J. Mayo (Black and White). 

 DccKS (Any varietv).- 1, 2, and he, W. Stephens (Rouen). 



PIGEONS. 

 Careieks (.\nv colour).—!, 2, *<:, and c, J. Mayo (Black and Dun). 

 Dragooxs (Any colour).—!. D. Lane (White). 2, F. G. W. Gainey. 

 TciTBLERS (Short-faced).— 1, E. Stephens. 2, J. Mayo (Almonds). 

 Tumblers (Auv v.^irietv).—!, E.Williams (Blue Balds). 2, C. W. Wash- 

 bonme (Black Balds), lie, W. Stephens (White Rollers). 

 Footers (.Any colour).—!, D. Evans (Red Pied). 2. W. David (Blue). 

 Barbs (.Any colour).—!, F. J. W. Gainey (Black). 2, D. Evans (Black). 

 Faxtails (Any colour).—!, E. Stephens, Ebley, Stroud (White). 2, F. 

 t Clark (White). 



Magpies.— 2, F. J. W. Gainey (Black and Whitei. 



Anv other Disths-ct Variety.— 1, C. W. Washbonrnc (Black Jacobins). 

 2, E. Stephens (Red Jacobins). 



CANARIES. 

 NOROTCH (Clear Yellow).— 1, G. E. N. R.awlinson. 2 and c, W. David. 

 I nhc, R. Stone. !ic. G. E. N. Rawlinson ; J. .Udridge ; R. Stone ; W. David ; 



J. Wood ; G. Clapham. Upton St. Leonards. 



Norwich (Clear Buff).— 1 and 2, G. E. N. Rawlinson. vhc, G. E. N. 

 Rawlinson ; J. Aldridae ; W. David, he, G. E. N. Rawlinson ; R. Stone. 

 Yellow (Ticked).- 1, G. E. N. Rawlinson. 2, W. Williams, cftc, G. E. N. 

 Rawlinson ; J. Sallabank. he, J. Wood. 

 Buff (Ticked). — 1, R.Woodward, uftc, J. Sallabank. lie, J. Wood. 

 Yellow (Marked or Variegated).—! and vhe, R. Stone. 2, G. E. N. 

 Rawlinson. he, R. Woodward; J. Sallabank; J. Wood. 



Bdef (Marked or Variegated).—!, R. Stone. 2, J. Wood, he, G. E. N. 

 Rawlinson ; J. Wood. 



Norwich.— C(f<ir-rrfs(frf).—!, R. Stone. Clear-cresled BuJ.—l, J. Salla- 

 bank. (Remarkably good crest.) 



Yellow (Variegated Crested). — ! and vhe, R. Stone. 2 and he, J. Salla- 

 bank. 



Bdff (Variegated Crested).— 1 and 2, R. Stone, rhc, R. Stone ; J. Sal- 

 labank. 7ic, J. Sallabank. (A superior class ) 



Belgian ;Any other variety of Yellow, Buff, or Variegated half-bred). — 

 !, G. Clapham. 2 and vhe, J. Aldridge. 

 ClKNAMoN (Jonqne).- 1, R. Stone. 

 Cinnamon (Mealy).— 1, K. Stone. 2, J. Wood. 



Cinnamon (Any other variety of Yellow or Buff). — 1 and 2, R. Stone. 

 BtTFF OR Mealy Plain. — 1, J. Wood. 



Marked or Variegated Buff PL.iiN. — !, 2, and y/ic, J. Edwards. 

 Mule (Jonqne Goldfinch).—!, E. Hopton. 2, J. Cos. vhc, J. Aldridge ; 

 K. Stone. 

 Mule (Mealy Goldflnchl.- !, H. Stone. 2, J. Aldridge. 

 Bullfinch. -1, G. Clapham. 2, J. Cox. vhe, R. Stone, he, R. Wood- 

 ward. 



Goldfinch. — 1, R. Stone, ijftc, G. E, N. Rawlinson. ftc,E. Hopton; 

 ■J. Cox. 

 LnniET.- !, E. Hopton. vhe, J. Cox. he, R. Stone. 

 Skylark. — !, vhc, he, E. Hopton. 

 Song Thrush.- 1, J. Hunt, vhe, G. Smith. 



Collection of Canaries in Cage. — ! and c, R. Stone. 2, J. Sallabank. 

 vhc, J. Aldridge; J. Edwards; R. Stone, he, R. Woodward; G. E. N. 

 Rawlinson ; J. Wood. 



Judges. — Poultry and Pigeons: Mr. Yardley, Market Hall, Bir- 

 mingham. Canaries and British Birds: Mr. George Moore, of 

 Northampton. 



INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON PLUMAGE. 



I ENCLOSE a feather of a Dun Pigeon — it will be enrions to 

 mark the effect the climate has had upon the plumage, leaving 

 a white margin almost around it. I have noticed the same 

 effect in England, but not to so great an extent. I find fowls 

 affected towards moulting time, much in the same way, and 

 the wild Turkey even moulting darker than the old feathers. 

 Taking all these facts into consideration, judges at shows 

 should exercise discretion with regard to the points for plumage 

 at autumnal exhibitions. People not aware of the effect of 

 climate and light are very apt to be deceived in purchasing birds 

 affected by this cause. 



The bills, also, of Aylesbury Ducks andEmbden Geese suffer 

 much from exposure to the sun. Birds intended for exhibition 

 should be sheltered during the very hot sun, and kept dark or 

 in shade; but no amount of sun will bring black spots, which 

 are a decided disqualification. These may, even in young 

 specimens, be detected under the skin, of a reddish colour, and 

 thus yon are enabled to select those with pure-coloured bills, 

 and reject the others for exhibition or breeding, making use of 

 them for the table. But in spite of every inattention, a pure 

 Aylesbury Duck will never get the orange bill of a Call Duck ; 

 a fact which should be impressed on inexperienced purchasers, 

 because no common Duck can compete in any way with an 

 Aylesbury.— F. C. B..— {Canada Globe.) 



MR. PETTIGBEWS COMMUNICATIONS. 



Allow me tojoin v ith the " Devonshire Bee-keeper" in ex- 

 prassingja desire that Mr. Pettigrew will continue his commtmi- 



oations, for they have the rare merit of setting one thinking. 

 And that they do good, is proved by the fact, that since Mr. 

 Pfttigrew ventilated the question of large hives last year, 

 Messrs. Neighbour have considerably increased the size of their 

 popular cottage hive. 



I doubt not but a like beneficial result to the pablic will 

 accrue from his drawing attention to the subject of spurious 

 honey at this time. If anyone doubts whether supers can be 

 raised successfully and profitably by means of sugar syrup, let 

 him try, if he know how, and communicate the results to '■ our 

 Journal " this time next year. — S. B. 



QUEEN ENCASEMENTS. 



In the early part of 1865, some vei-y able and interesting 

 papers on " Queen Encasements," from the pen of Mr. Lowe, 

 appeared in your .Journal. It is there laid down as a rule, that 

 these encasements continue for a period of from twenty-four 

 to thirty-six hours, the latter being the longest which had been 

 experienced by Mr. Lowe. The conclusions at which this 

 gentleman arrived as regards the cause of encasements are 

 shortly summed up thus : — 



1st, That queens may be encased or imprisoned by reason of 

 the entrance of stranger bees into a hive. 



2nd, From superannuation and infirmity through age, or from 

 any natural defect in their procreative powers, such as exhausted 

 fertility. 



3rd, Young queens may be encased or imprisoned when 

 nnfecundated beyond a certain age, and when in an abnormal 

 condition. 



A case in my apiary having lately occurred which, both as 

 regards time and cause, cannot be accounted for on Mr. Lowe's 

 theory, I am induced to forward to you the particulars, believ- 

 ing that they will prove interesting to apiarians in general. 

 Tbe facts are as follow : — 



On the Ist of the present month I introduced to a strong 

 stock of black bee.», which had been deprived of their queen 

 forty-eight hours previously, an extremely fine, healthy, and 

 beautifully marked Ligurian queen, procured for me, from her 

 native Alps, by Mr. Pettitt, of Dover. The method of introduc- 

 tion was simply that of presenting the queen through the 

 central orifice in a Pettitt's bar-frame hive to her future 

 subjects. I may here state that my reason for adopting so 

 simple, and as some may think dangerous, mode of introducing 

 a strange queen, was the loss of two Ligurian queens a short 

 time previously by attempting to introduce them, in accordance 

 with the usual plan, by imprisonment for twenty-four hours in 

 a qucen-eage. On opening the cages both queens were found 

 dead, either from cold, as I imagine, or from being separated 

 for so long a time from worker bees. 



The queen was immediately imprisoned by encasement in 

 the midst of a number of bees, so closely packed together in a 

 small circular knot of about the size of a tennis-ball that it 

 was impossible to get a sight of her, or to come to any other con- 

 clusion than that of her speedy death from suffocation. I deter- 

 mined, however, at all risks, to allow the bees to follow their own 

 instincts, and on examination the following day, November "2nd, 

 the encasement still continued. 1 now had the curiosity to 

 separate the bees, which was effected with some difficulty, by 

 means of a stout goose-quill, and to my surprise found tbe 

 queen alive and well, although somewhat exhausted by the 

 close embraces of her new subjects. After a respite of ten 

 minutes, during which she was placed under a tumbler near 

 the fire, the morning being very cold, the poor queen recovered 

 her full powers, and was again introduced to the bees, again 

 encased, again set free by main force on the day following, and, 

 to render my story short, the same course was followed daily 

 until Friday the 5th of November, on which day I had ihe 

 pleasure of finding her at liberty, and receiving all due homage. 

 After the first day's imprisonment I had noticed, on daily 

 extricating this queen, that she was evidently well nurtured and 

 cared for, and on finally obtaining her liberty was in fine con- 

 dition, exhibiting evident signs of oviposition. 



To what cause can we assign this long imprisonment? For 

 my own part I am inclined to attribute it to extreme nff^ction. 

 and delight on receiving a queen after forty-eiglithours"depiiva- 

 tion. Fear of again losing her, upon whom, aa by wonrffrful 

 instinct, the bees seem fully aware the future hopes of tlie 

 colony depend, may also have influenced their actions. How- 

 ever this may be, there can be no doubt that their inteniions 

 were not regicidal, for their purpose was easy of accomplishment, 



