150 THE JOURNAL OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



Bangahal range is given off another range towards the west running 

 more or less parallel to the Middle range. This range is known as 

 the Outer Himalayas. The Middle and the Outer ranges may be said 

 to terminate where the Chandrabhaga and the Eavi respectively 

 pierce them to debouch on the plains. Going up one of the feeders 

 of the Chandrabhaga from Kashtwar one has to cross a range which 

 separates the waters of the Chandrabhaga from those of the Jehlum 

 in order to enter the valley of Kashmir. 



A few more facts in connection with the geography of these 

 ranges should be borne in mind before discussing the distribution of 

 any group of plants. The Outer Himalayas have a mean altitude of 

 about 15,000 ft., though some peaks rise up to 17,000 ft. Most of the 

 hill-stations for summer for the Punjab are situated on this range at an 

 elevation of about 6 — 7,000 ft., as Simla, Dalhousie, Murree, etc. The 

 passes in this range are about 8,000 ft. high. The Middle Himalayas 

 have a mean elevation of about 17,000 ft. though some peaks rise to 

 19,000 ft. The passes range from 13,000 to 17,000 ft. The inner range 

 has a mean altitude of about 18,000 ft. though some peaks rise to 

 more than 20,000 ft. Passes range from 17,000 to 18,000 ft. in Pangi. 

 The lowest pass is the Zojila in Kashmir, 11,000 ft. The Baralacha in 

 British Lahoul is 16,200 ft. 



Area Visited. 



The places visited by the writer are sufficiently numerous and 

 different as regards altitude, etc., to provide reasonably reliable data 

 for the study of distribution though naturally there is a great field for 

 more work in this direction as the area under investigation is so large 

 and diversified while the interior is not easily accessible and requires 

 a certain amount of equipment to be explored. 



In the Outer Himalayas the writer has visited Simla, Dalhousie* 

 Murree and some other smaller places but the collections from some 

 of the latter (including Murree) are not sufficiently large to draw 

 detailed conclusions though notes as regards the relative numbers of 

 individuals of Liverworts are available. The Beas valley (Kulu) has 

 also been visited. The Outer Himalayas have been crossed at two 

 places to enter the Ravi valley and at one place (Murree) to enter the 

 Jehlum valley. The Middle Himalayas have been crossed at two 

 places at quite a long distance from each other, the Sauch pass 

 (14,300 ft.) leading to Pangi and the Rohtang pass (13,400 ft.) between 

 Kulu and British Lahoul. The Ravi valley has been explored along 

 the river from Chamba to Chhatrari. The Chandrabhaga has been 

 followed from its source to about 200 miles. The Kashmir valley 

 was entered from the Chandrabhaga valley by crossing the Sinthan 



