LIVERWORTS IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS. 153 



has no effect. The only place for which rainfall data are available is 

 Kyelang in British Lahoul. It js about six inches during the whole 

 season (June to September) and including the melted snowfall it is 

 not more than twenty-three inches in the whole year. During the 

 greater part of the year it is very cold. 



Beyond the Inner Himalayas the dry and cold atmosphere does 

 not allow any Liverwort to grow. The rainfall is extremely small 

 and the temperature very low. Strong winds are usually blowing. 

 The country is a desolate barren desert- 



Floristic Details. 



Below are given the lists of species found at the different places 

 visited. Of course some more species are certain to be found at every 

 one of these places when a more intensive study is undertaken and 

 more time is devoted to each place, but it may safely be stated that this 

 number would in no case be very large and since this statement 

 affects all the places equally the relative abundance of the Liverwort 

 flora of any locality is not affected. It may also be stated that all 

 these places were visited some time between the end of June and the 

 end of September though several were visited at other times of the 

 year also. The best time for Liverworts in the Himalayas is between 

 July and September. In the plains the best time is late winter and 

 spring. 



1 Mussoorie. (6-7,000 ft.) 



Mean Max. temp. — Mean min. temp. — Long. 30° 27' N. Lat. 

 78° 5' E. Average annual rainfall 96". (Though this hill-station is 

 not situated in the Western Himalayas strictly speaking, but the list 

 would be useful for purposes of comparison of the West and East 

 Himalayan floras. ) 



1. Riccia himalayensis Sb. 2. Targionia hypophyllah. 3. Gyatho- 

 dium tuberosum Kash. 4t.Aitchisoniella himalayensis Kash. b.Athalamia 

 pinguis Falc. 6. Gollaniella pusilla St. 7. Plagiochasma appendicula- 

 tum L. et L. 8. P. articulatum Kash. 9.Beboulia hemispherica (L.) Raddi. 

 10. Fimbriaria Blumeana Nees. 11. F. angusta St. 12.P. mussuriensis 

 Kash. 13. Grimaldia indica St. 14. Stephensoniella brevipedunculata 

 Kash. 15. Exormotheca tuberifera Kash. 16. Cryptomitrium himala- 

 yense Kash. 17. Bamortiera velutina Schffn. 18. B. hirsuta (Sw.) R. 

 Bl. nees. (?) 19. Marchantia nepalensis L. et L. 20. M. palmata Nees. 

 21. Aneura indica St. 22. Metzgeria pubescens (Schrank) Raddi. 



23. Metzgeria himalayensis Kash. (Both species at about 5,000 ft.) 



24. Pellia calycina (Tayl.) Nees. 25. Fossombronia himalayensis Kash. 



1 Where clhnatological data are not available the spaces are left blank, 



