LIVERWORTS IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS. 155 



Of the next two localities the first, Pathankote, is at the foot of 

 the Outer Himalayas, and the second, Lahore, is in the plains. The 

 poverty of the species is noteworthy, 



Pathankote. 

 Long. 32° 16 N. Lat. 75° 40' E. Aver, annual rain. 47" Mean. Mas. 

 temp. — Mean Min temp. — Biccia pathankotensis, Grimaldia inclica 

 and Fimbriaria pathankotensis are the only common species, the first 

 two much more so than the third. The first is quite abundant along 

 the river flowing near by. 



Lahore. (700 ft.) 



Long. 31° 35' N. Lat. 74" 20' E. Aver, annual rain. 19.58". 

 Mean Max. temp. 90.9°. Mean Min. temp. 64.2. 



The only Liverworts that are found throughout the year here and 

 there in favourable places are Biccia sanguinca Kash., Marchantia 

 ncpalensis and M. palmata. In winter Biccia robusta Kash., 

 B. cruciata Kash. and B. pathankotensis are also seen, the first in 

 pretty large numbers. Biclla inclica St. appears in some years in a 

 water-channel about March. Very rarely Plagiochasma appendicula- 

 tum, P. articulatum, Grimaldia inclica and Anthoceros himalayensis 

 are met with along the river bank. This list is the result of very 

 thorough observations extending over a number of years and can 

 hardly be improved. All the species except the first three and 

 perhaps the fourth also are undoubtedly brought down from other 

 places by the canal water. 



The Ravi valley, (about 3,000 ft.) 



The following species have been found. The localities, where 

 recorded, are also noted : — 



(Ghamba, the main town, is situated at an elevation of 3,027 ft. 

 Long. 32° 29' N. Lat. 76° 11' E. Aver, annual rain. 47.60". Mean 

 Max. temp. 77.7°. Mean Min. temp. 56.5° J 



Targionia hypophylla. 



Athalamia pinguis. 



Grimaldia indica. 



Plagiochasma appendiculatiim. 



P. articulatum, 



Beboulia hemispherica. 



Sauchia spongiosa. Chamba-Pangi road, about 10,000 ft. 



Fegatella conica. Common in moist places on northern slopes ; 

 also Chamba-Pangi road. 



Wicsnerella denudata. Above Khajiar. 



Dumorticra vclutina. Common in moist places. 



