THE ECOLOGY OF THE UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN. 323 

 Explanation of Plates. 



Plate XIX 



Fig. 8. Permanent lake near Allahabad, formed by damming up 

 a ravine. Scirpus mar.itimus is dominant in the attached emersed 

 aquatic and wet meadow stages. Note the bare wet meadow shore 

 left by the receding water. In the back-ground is a village grove cf 

 planted trees. Photographed January 30, 1920. 



Fig. 9. Shallow temporary pcol near Allahabad, showing the 

 result of cultivation and grazing on early stages of succession. In 

 the water and stranded on the wet meadow shore are the remains 

 of a crop of Oryza saliva, along with Panicum punctatum, Ipomaea 

 reptans, and Cynodon dactylon. Spontaneous Acacia arabica in 

 the background. This view shows the flat character of the plains. 

 November 4, 1917. 



Fig. 10. Well developed wet meadow stage in the seepage area 

 from the permanent lake in Fig. 8. In the shallow open water are 

 submersed aquatics ; in the edges of the pools is tall Scirpus maritimus ; 

 over the damp soil of the wet meadow stage are Scirpus maritimus and 

 Cypcrus difformis, fringed about by a dense mat of smaller Fimbris- 

 tylis diphylla ; outside this is a later stage of the wet meadow, 

 dominated by Cynodon dactylon ; dry meadow plants on the higher 

 banks ; and spontaneous Acacia, arabica and planted village trees in 

 the background. The whole area is closely grazed. January 30, 

 1920. 



Plate XX 



Fig. 11. Well drained area west of Allahabad, showing closely 

 grazed dry meadow stage, with cultivated fields in level places. The 

 meadow is dominated by Andropogon intermedins and a good represen- 

 tation of small perennial prostrate weeds. Spontaneous Acacia arabica 

 in the background. April 20, 1918. 



Fig. 12. Rank growth of thorn scrub grasses, Aplnda varia, 

 Ccnchrus biftorus, -Andropogon contort us, and A. intermedins, in the 

 Fisher Forest, Etawah, as a result of five years protection from 

 grazing. The trees are planted Acacia arabica. October 24, 1919. 



Fig. 13. Closely grazed thorn scrub area north of Allahabad. 

 The trees are Acacia arabica, the oval bushes are Capparis sepiaria 

 pruned by grazing animals, and the straggling bushes aie Justicia 

 adhatoda. Over the ground is a poor development of the dry meadow. 

 April 20, 1918. 



