258 THE JOURNAL OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



Fig. 13. Successions in a stream just outside the Sat Tal valley. 



Zone 1. Floating aquatics. — Algae, Nitella, Utricularia, Hy- 



drilla, Vallisneria, Lemna minor. 

 Zone 2. Rooted aquatics. — Typha angustata Chaub. and, 



Bory, Scirpus mucronatus L., Oenanthe stolonifera Wall., 



Polygonum spp. 

 Zone 3. Marsh vegetation. — Polygonum spp., Acorns Calamus 



L., and June us prismatocarpus Br. Panicum paspaloides 



Pers. extends horizontally through the rooted aquatic 



stage. 

 Zone 4. Wet meadow. — Hydrocotyle asiatica L„ Eleocharis 



congesta D. Don., Kyllingia brevifolia Bottb. 

 Zone 5. Berber is-Bosaceae pioneer stage to oak forest. 



May, 1919. 



Fig. 14. Salix daplinoides Villars in the margin of Bhim Tal 

 lake. Adventitious roots have developed just beneath the high water 

 mark. The water is now at its lowest stage. May, 1918. 



Fig. 15. Terrace-edge pioneers near Sat Tal at 4,500 ft. Mainly 

 Berberis asiatica Boxb. and the rosaceous shrubs, Prinscpia utilis 

 Boyle, Crataegus crenulata Boxb., and Bosa moschata Mill. May, 

 1919. 



Fig. 16. Euphorpia Boyleana Boiss, a common xerarch pioneer 

 on exposed situations. Sat Tal, 5,000 ft. June, 1919. 



Fig. 17. Heptopleurumvenulosum Seem., a hemiepiphyte which 

 embraces the trunks and branches of trees. Sat Tal, mainly in 

 Bauhinia formation. May, 1919. 



Fig. 18. Viscum japonicum Thunb, a hemiparasite, on a twig 

 of Quercus incana. Sat Tal. May, 19,19. 



Fig. 19. Ficus BumphiiBL, a hemiepiphyte, one of the " strang- 

 ling figs ", with a network of roots embracing a tree trunk. This 

 plant often strangles and displaces the tree on which it grows. Below 

 Sat Tal, 3,000 ft. May, 1919. 



Fig- 20. Epiphytic orchids on a branch of Nyctanthcs arbor- 

 tristis, L. Monsoon forest, Sat Tal. May, 1921. 



Fig. 21. Curcuma angustifolia Boxb., a scitaminaceous herb of 

 the early monsoon season, growing from a fleshy rootstalk. Monsoon 

 forest, Sat Tal, 4,500 ft. June, 1919. 



