10 Nov., 1916.] 



Aji/J( Culture In Victoria. 



661 



head. Then the apple-grower began to cut the stems about 6 feet from 

 the ground, in order to divide up the centre leader into three or more 

 main arms, which radiated from the crown at an open angle to the 

 vertical. This, in point of time, is recognised as the line of demarcation 

 which separates the ancient method from the commencement of scientific 

 pruning. 



The three or more main arms produced on the stem by cutting in the 

 manner described were still further multiplied by subsequent yearly 

 prunings until a head of the requisite dimensions was obtained 



The tree, with its increased number of leaders, which constituted a 

 broader framework as a result of this treatment, had also a correspond- 

 ing increase in the number of lateral growths. These were of a better 

 quality and of higher fruit-bearing capacity than those previously 

 obtainable. 



When it was ob.served that the judicious manipulation of the leaders 

 produced the desired effect, consideration was next given to the fruiting 

 lateral growths. The stronger and less fruitful of these were removed. 



Subso il Level 'j^^^^^' 



Figl 



F,g.2. 



Plate 32. — Digging Holes for Trees. 



while the weaker and more fruitful ones were shortened back to 

 encourage the develojjment of stronger blossom buds. 



The next step in the advancement of scientific pruning was the 

 gradual shortening of the stem of the standard tree until, during recent 

 years, it has become only about 12 inches high. This is practically 

 regarded as the present-day standard. 



Science has so far advanced in regard to modern pruning methods 

 that it has evolved and established set priiicij)les under which the leader, 

 lateral, and spur growths of the different varieties may lie treated 

 according to their individual needs. 



Owing to the application of scientific principles in pruning, sujjple- 

 mented by good cultivation, spraying, ifec, fruit-growers are now able 

 to regulate the quantity, size, and quality of their fruit to meet modern 

 requirements, both at home and oversea. And, when given reasonable 

 marketing facilities, they are enabled to make fruit growing a com- 

 mercial success. 



Plate 33 shows a treo of the old P^nglish standard type. It is an 

 unnamed .seedling, nine years old, and the lowest branch on the stem 



