74 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



2. A forest of seedlings and sprouts grown up together naturally. 

 Syn.: sprout-seedling forest; coppice with standards. 

 G., Mittelwald. F., Taillis sous futaie ou compost. 

 Conservative lumbering. (Obs.) Has been used to designate any attempt to in- 

 troduce into logging operations the idea of providing for a future crop, or at 

 least a second cut. 

 Control book. See Working plan control. 



Conversion, n. A change from one silvicultural method to another as from coppice 

 method to high forest. 



G., UberfiihEung, Umwandlung. F., conversion. 

 Conversion period. The period during which the change from one system or method 



of silvicultural management to another is, or is to be, effected. 

 Coppice forest, coppice. A forest consisting wholly or mainly of sprouts. 

 Syn.: sprout forest. 

 G., Niederwald. F., taillis simple. 

 Coppice method. See Reproduction, method of. 

 Coppice shoot or sprout. A sprout originating from a coppice stock as opposed 



to a seedling stock. See Seedling sprout. 

 Coppice with standards. See Reproduction method and Composite forest. 

 Coupe (French). Cutting or Cutting area. Not favored as a term in forest manage- 

 ment. 

 Cross section. A cut across the trunk or branch of a tree. See Basal area. 



G., Querschnitt. F., section transversale. 

 Crown. In silvics, the upper part of a tree, including the living branches with their 

 foliage. 



G., Krone. F., cime. 

 Crown canopy. See Crown cover. 



Crown class. All trees in a stand occupying a similar position in the crown cover. 

 The crown classes usually distinguished are: 



Dominant. Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the forest 

 canopy and receiving full light from above and partly from the side; larger than 

 the average trees in the stand, and with crowns well-developed but possibly 

 somewhat crowded on the sides. 



Co-dominant. Trees with crowns forming the general level of the forest canopy 

 and receiving full light from above but comparatively little from the sides ; usually 

 with medium-sized crowns more or less crowded on the sides. 



Intermediate. Trees with crowns below, but still extending into, the general 

 level of the forest canopy, receiving a little direct light from above but none from 

 the sides; usually with small crowns considerably crowded on the sides. 



Overtopped. Trees with crowns entirely below the general forest canopy and 

 receiving no direct light either from above or from the sides. These may be further 

 divided into oppressed, usually with small, poorly developed crowns, still alive, 

 and possibly able to recover; and suppressed or dying and dead. 

 Crown cover. The canopy formed by the crowns of all the trees in a forest, 

 or, in an uneven-aged forest, by the crowns of all trees in a specified crown 

 class. 



Syn. : canopy, crown canopy, leaf canopy. 



G., Kronendach, Beschirmung. F., couvert, voute foliacee. 



