84 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



G., Zwischennutzung ; Vornutzung. F., exploitation interm^diaire. 



Cleaning. Cutting made in a stand not yet past t^e sapling stage for the pur- 

 pose of removing trees of undesirable form or species, which are injuring or are 

 likely to injure those of greater promise. 



Syn.: weeding. 



G., Reinigungshib, Durchplaenterung, Durchlauterung. F., coupe de nettoie 

 ment. 



A disengagement cutting or felling. A cleaning in a stand of small saplings with 

 the specific purpose of checking or removing trees of undesirable species which are 

 overtopping desirable trees or may later shade them. 



G., Kronenfreihieb. F., degagement de la cime. 



Improvement cutting or fellifig. A cutting in a forest which has passed the sap- 

 ling stage, the main object being to remove trees of tmdesirable form, condition 

 and species. It is always a felling for the purpose of bringing the stand into better 

 condition and composition for silvicultural management. 



G., Verbesserungshieb. F., coupe d'ameUoration. 



Salvage cutting or felling. Removal of trees killed or injured in a forest by fire, 

 insects, fungi, or other harmful agencies, with the purpose of utilizing merchantable 

 material and preventing the spread of insects and disease. 



G., Totahtatshieb. F., coupe accidentelle. 



Liberation cutting or felling. Is an improvement cutting by which young 

 growth is freed (set free) from oppression by removal of wolf trees. 



G., Freistellen. F., d^gager. 



Severance felling or cutting. The clearing of a narrow strip on the border of a 

 young stand to stimulate the root development and retention of branches of the 

 bordering trees, producing a windfirm mantle, and thus preparing them for subse- 

 quent exposure to wind when an older stand on the windward side of the strip has 

 to be removed before the utilization of the younger stand. 



Thinning. A cutting made in immature stands after the sapling stage for the 

 purpose of increasing the rate of growth of those trees which are left. 



G., Durchforstung. F., eclaircie. 



Degrees of thinning are indicated by the following grades. They may be 

 gauged by volume and by number of trees removed. 



Grade A — light. A removal of dead and dying trees. 



Grade B — moderate. A removal, in addition, of all suppressed trees and the 

 poorest intermediate trees. 



Grade C — heavy. A removal, in addition, of the rest of the intermediate class 

 of trees. 



Grade D — very heavy. A removal, in addition, of many of the co-dominant trees. 



German and Austrian experiment stations recognize four grades; Gayer ' recog- 

 nizes three grades, as follows: 



Light (G., Schwach). Removal of dead and wholly suppressed. 



Medium (G., Mittelstark). Removal of suppressed and the greater portion of 

 the dominated trees (intermediate class). 



Heavy (G., Stark). In addition, cutting operations in the co-dominant class. 



Interlucation. A severe opening up of a stand. See fuller definition under its 

 letter. 



Selection thinning. A thinning in which always the stoutest trees are removed, 

 as in the selection method of regeneration (Borggreve). 



^Der Waldbau, Dr. Karl Gayer, Berlin, 1888. 



