402 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



They show the lowest planting costs for planting operations with 

 camps and the highest for small and remote operations which required 

 the workmen to walk long distances to and from work each day. 

 Past experience on the Blackwell State Forest shows that an additional 

 cost of 16 cents per thousand is incurred for every mile walked by the 

 crew in going to and returning from work. The average cost of all 

 the planting operations upon State forests In 1915 was $2.96 per 

 thousand. The cost of i)lanting operations with camps remained 

 below this amount, while operations without camps were usuallv 

 liigher and in five isolated cases exceeded $6 per thousand. 



2. Less time mid energy is spent on the road. This is of consider- 

 able econoimic importance, particularly in case of the Pennsylvania 

 Department of Forestry, which allows its workmen time one way in 

 remote operations. 



3. The planting of remote sites becomes possible. Areas beyond 

 the reach of local laborers can be reforested on an economical basis. 

 This is often necessary, especially in case of protection forests. 



4. The execution of a rational planting plan is made possible. 

 Without camps planting is limited to areas near a local labor supply, 

 which may not be the ones in greatest need of immediate reforesta- 

 tion. The establishment of protection forests about the headwaters of 

 streams should take place immediately. Such a procedure requires 

 the establishment of camps on account of the remoteness of the opera- 

 tions. A rational planting plan makes recommendations and outlines 

 procedures which tend toward a normal arrangement or proper distribu- 

 tion of all the stands of a forest— one of the three prerequisites of a 

 normal forest. This important feature of planting plans is, at the 

 present time, often overlooked. It is. however, worthy of careful con- 

 sideration, because stands are not portable, but obtain their permanent 

 position in a forest at the time of their establishment. 



5. Supervision over the food supply and the resting hours of the 

 ivorkmen is secured. Many willing native denizens and floating labor- 

 ers receive an inadequate quantity and a poor quality of food at their 

 homes and boarding places. Under such conditions their best efforts 

 are not productive of satisfactory results. In camps the quantity and 

 quality of food can be adapted to the work, and the resting hours can 

 be so regulated that the energy of the workmen is not dissipated. 



6. Wider publicity concerning tree planting is obtained. Tree- 

 planting camps will become as popular as the lumber and bark-peeling 



