600 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



corporation for purely business advantage. If this is done ... it 

 means that the bargain is one-sided, and, therefore, the other party 

 (the collective owner or public) loses." This is sound policy to steer 

 by, and does it not cover the present situation ? 



Rather an interesting analysis of Forest Service charges can be 

 made by classifying the products disposed of according to whether 

 1 — Free, 2 — Partial Payment, or 3 — Full Payment. 



1. Free 



Kind of Resource Analysts of Gift 



Water power Free to municipal corporations; if less then 100 h.p. is de- 

 veloped; if developed in connection with another sale; if 

 developed as an auxiliary to irrigation. 



Special uses Free for a large number of uses where they benefit the forest, 



or are of a public character, temporary, connected with an 

 industry already paying fees, where there is cooperation 

 for the benefit of the public, or if noncommercial. 



Timber If the timber is used for the United States needs, if for the 



protection, improvement, or investigation of the forests, or 

 for the personal use by settlers, residents, and prospectors. 



Minerals Free, although commercial in character, because of the need 



of developing the West, and because of the difficulty of 

 discovery. Curiously enough this free use seemed illogical 

 to a professor of economics, who considered the problem. 



Grazing Free to prospectors, campers, travelers; to timber sale pur- 

 chasers for use of logging teams; to settlers in or near 

 National Forests (up to 10 head); to Indians, enrolled upon 

 the records of the Office of Indian Affairs dependent upon 

 the National Forest range. 



Summary of free use. .The main reasons for free use appear to be justified on the 

 grounds of helping the small man, benefiting the forests or 

 the national Government, to avoid a duplicate charge, 

 to facilitate transient or temporary use of the forests, for 

 Indians (with prior claims^to the resource), for cities, to 

 encourage the discovery of minerals, and to benefit agricul- 

 ture. Why cities should have free power is not entirely 

 clear. A State cannot have the free use of timber! 



2. Partl\l Payment 



Kind of Resource Analysis of Partial Rates 



Water power The commercial rates are probably less than could be charged, 



but this is a matter of controversy. 



Special uses The rates are below the full commercial charge for no clear- 

 cut reason. 



Timber Sales (at the cost of administration) of dead and down timber 



(to improve the forest), for the benefit of farmers to help 

 agriculture. Timber, which is a menace to the forest, 

 may be sold below the face value, though used for com- 

 mercial purposes. 



Grazing Present fees are undoubtedly one-half to one-third the com- 

 mercial rates for similar privileges on private land or on 

 neighboring Indian Resei^vations. No apparent justifica- 

 tion. Probably an outgrowth of the former free use of the 

 public land for grazing purposes. 



