REVIEWS 651 



East, the home of the white and red pines, hemlock and cedar, besides 

 the hardwoods. The underbrush of Amelanchier, Dirca, Rubus, Rhus, 

 Viburnum as characteristic shrubs, is said to be generally scanty and 

 becoming conspicuous only along the forest border. It should be added 

 for the forester's benefit, that after logging operations the border be- 

 comes "border" with abundant shrubby growth, making regeneration 

 difficult. Herbaceous plants are very luxuriant in spring, but the 

 summer vegetation is rather inconspicuous except in moist and wet 

 situations. This is the region of magnificent autumn colors, but the 

 statement that such wealth of color is never met with in any other 

 country is somewhat colored by patriotic enthusiasm. 



A comparatively narrow strip along Lake Erie and the Niagara 

 Peninsula belongs to an entirely different zone, the Carolinian, which 

 exhibits an overflow of the rich hardwood flora from the United States, 

 with cucumber, tulip, sycamore, sour gum, sassafras, flowering dog- 

 wood, papaw and mulberry, besides chestnut, hickories, oaks, and 

 black walnut. At least 100 herbaceous species occur with these trees, 

 which are found nowhere else in Canada. 



The prairie, east of Winnipeg and south of the sub-arctic forest 

 zone, is divided into three subzones or "steppes." The southeastern 

 or first prairie steppe still shows some characteristic woody and other 

 plants coming from the East, as, for instance, Tilia and Celtis and 

 along rivers Ulmus americana, Quercus macrocarpa, Populns balsain- 

 ifera and tremuloides, Acer negundo, and a great profusion of herb- 

 aceous plants. The second and third steppe are treeless, except on 

 bluffs and hills with a flora specifically their own (poplar, oak, and 

 pine) ; at the northern boundary species of the sub-arctic forest zone 

 creeping in. 



In the Rocky Mountain foothills ::one a great number of prairie 

 species reach a considerable altitude, while a number of sub-alpine 

 forms descend practically to the prairie, hence here at the base of the 

 foothills the flora is especially rich. In ascending the slopes, prairie 

 forms are replaced by mountain species and the vegetation becomes 

 more luxuriant in appearance, shrubs come in and finally we are 

 again in the forest. Some 30 species of typical lower vegetation are 

 enumerated. 



The Rocky Mountain proper in their lower levels up to tree line is 

 a forest zone of coniferous species : Pinus albicaulis, mnrrayana, 

 Pseudotsuga, Abies lasiocarpa, with only a scanty herbaceous vegeta- 

 tion and a few shrubs, among which Pachystima niyrsinites. Rhodo- 

 dendron albiflorum, Menziesia ferriiginea are most characteristic. 



