MARKING OF WESTERN WHITE PINE 879 



but at least an average of six white pines will be left per acre to furnish a sup- 

 ply of seed of this species in the duff at the time of the second cutting. An 

 essential feature of these partial cuttings will be as even a distribution as pos- 

 sible of the thrifty trees left to secure good growth. After white pine, the spe- 

 cies to be favored in marking will be spruce, cedar, larch, and Douglas fir, in 

 the order named. 



Whenever it is impossible to leave at least fifty thrifty small trees, exclusive 

 of hemlock, per acre, the timber in the white-pine type will be marked for clean 

 cutting, with the reservation of seed trees, and the stand will be reproduced. 

 To supplement the supply of seed in the duff, white-pine seed trees, two to six 

 per acre, depending on size, will be left, together with any thrifty white pine 

 below 14 inches d. b. h. and any small thrifty trees of other desirable species. 

 Seed trees should be thrifty, windfirm trees of seed-bearing size and condition 

 and capable of living until the reproduction will reach merchantable size. In 

 addition to the white-pine seed trees, from two to six larches, or, if suitable 

 larches are not present, Douglas firs, will be left to insure reproduction in case 

 of fire. Where cedar is desirable as a part of the new stand, seed trees of this 

 species should also be left. 



Where it is possible to select groups of short, full-crowned trees on ridges, 

 the seed trees on adjoining slopes should be combined in these groups. If the 

 ridges are not pronounced, or if there is no marked difference in the timber, no 

 attempt should be made to leave the seed trees in groups. 



Good-sized reproduction openings of not less than one-fourth acre in size will 

 be made, from which all shade will be removed as much as possible. This will 

 involve the marking or designating for cutting of all merchantable spruce, white 

 fir, and hemlock. In addition, it involves the cutting or killing all other hem- 

 lock, all trees unmerchantable on account of defect, and all defective white fir. 

 Thickets of white fir and hemlock reproduction which will interfere with white- 

 pine reproduction will be destroyed. Ordinarily, sound small trees of white fir 

 will not be cut or killed unless necessary in order to open the stand enough for 

 thrifty white-pine reproduction. 



A small proportion of the white-pine type now bears an overmature stand in 

 which there are very few trees capable of living until the reproduction reaches 

 merchantable size. In these stands all pines below merchantable size and all 

 pines suitable for seed trees, as previously described, will be left, together with 

 .white pines unmerchantable on account of defect. White-pine reproduction will 

 be expected chiefly from seed in the duff, to be supplemented by the planting of 

 blanks if necessary. Provision for seed production of other species should be 

 made by leaving seed trees of larch, cedar, spruce, and Douglas fir, giving pref- 

 erence in the order named. The ground should be cleared as much as possible 

 of all other trees. 



The district forester will issue such supplemental instructions as may be neces- 

 sary to put the foregoing rules into effect. 



H. S. Graves, Forester. 



Approved December 20, 1916. 



A. To secure a second cut from trees already established. 

 . I. By an improvement thinning. 



2. By a partial cutting to harvest the merchantable timber and leave a sufficient 

 stand to utilize the productive capacity of the site and incidentally to secure 

 reproduction in unavoidable openings. 



