834 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



General Treatment of Associate Species of White Pine 



1. Western Larch and Douglas Fir— On the best white-pine sites larch, be- 

 cause of its relatively higher resistance to disease over long periods, should be 

 considered more desirable than Douglas fir, while on the more severe sites 

 Douglas fir should be given the preference. 



These species will be depended upon for seed insurance, and reservations are 

 to be provided for this purpose. Veteran larch, free from disease, but unmer- 

 chantable because of windshake, may be used to fulfill the seed-insurance func- 

 tion when other trees are not available. 



2. Hemlock and White Fir.— Hemlock and white fir are the least desirable 

 species. It is desirable that they be cut to the lowest merchantable limit, and 

 this will be done in reproduction cuttings. All hemlock and all defective white- 

 fir trees, and as much as possible of the reproduction of both species, will be 

 burned, slashed, or girdled. In partial cuttings, and as a rule in reproduction 

 cuttings, where there are several white-pine trees per acre below 14 inches 

 d. b. h., sound, thrifty white firs above 4 inches d. b. h. will not be slashed or 

 girdled. In other reproduction cuttings, except where such trees occur in 

 patches, they will be cut or killed when they will interfere with white-pine repro- 

 duction. 



3. Western Red Cedar.— CtdSiT should be favored wherever it occurs. Ordi- 

 narily all trees which will not make a 30-foot pole should be left, and defective, 

 overmature trees, which represent no investment, will frequently be desirable 

 for seed production. 



4. Engehnann Spruce.—S^rwcc should be favored equally with cedar. Group- 

 ing of reserved trees is almost always essential for protection against wind, and 

 in general no reservations should be made unless compact groups of pure or 

 mixed character are possible. No reservations should be made on wet flats. 



5. Lodgepole Pine- — Merchantable lodgepole trees should be cut. 



6. Western Yellow Pine. — Where yellow pine occurs, it should be favored 

 equally with larch and Douglas fir. It is particularly desirable on dry sites. 



It is the intention of these marking rules to outline general principles and 

 suggestions of broad application for the guidance of marking officers. Field 

 practice will be carried on under specific rules drawn up for each logging chance 

 based on these type rules. On any logging unit areas of diflferent classification 

 will usually occur, to each of which the proper marking principles, as previously 

 outlined, should be applied. The specific marking rules and a marking map 

 showing the application of the rules will be submitted to the approving officer. 



Specific Rules 



In order to intelligently mark the timber on any sale area, the marker must be 

 able to get a perspective of the timber body. He must prepare a map showing 

 the variations of the type as recognized by the marking rules. To do this he 

 must secure a tally showing the number of trees of different diameter classes, 

 both suitable and unsuitable silviculturally to be reserved. The divisions into 



