PERIODICAL LITERATURE 923 



the celebrated Sihhvald of Zurich was divided into proportional annual 

 felling areas, based upon an estimate of the final felling budget, with- 

 out laying the areas out in the forest. For coppice, and coppice under 

 standards, this subdivision might be tenable, but for timber forest it 

 was impracticable. 



The fear of a timber famine led to the attempt of securing a sus- 

 tained yield management by the division or allotment of the entire 

 volume of material over the years or periods of rotation by the so- 

 called volume allotment method. The impracticability of locating the 

 division lines and the general cumbersomeness of the procedure led to 

 the final area subdivision and allotment. The independence of the sub- 

 division from the annual cut was recognized as necessary at the end 

 of the eighteenth century, and led to the square compartment system 

 of equal areas, of suitable size, introduced by Hennert in the Prussian 

 pineries, a method which will probably be permanent, and forms a 

 satisfactory principle in the plains country ; questions can, however, 

 arise as to size and shape and location of the division lines with 

 reference to winds, etc. Hartig combated the regularity of form and 

 size of the compartments as of no value, and revived the volume allot- 

 ment and the idea of making the character of the stand the basis for 

 subdivision, thus introducing again the unstable principles. As to 

 size, he made the requirement that the area should be as much as pos- 

 sible regenerated in one period, i. e., not larger than the periodic area 

 of the normal forest. It remained for Cotta, after the suggestion of 

 Oettelt, to make the area the prominent feature of budget regulation, 

 and the systematic, merely mathematical, area subdivision without 

 reference to annual or periodic felling budgets or character of stand 

 the basis of a permanent subdivision. 



He formulates the procedure of subdivision as follows : "xA.s division 

 lines are to be used waters, ravines, roads, as long as these are definitely 

 and properly laid. Differences of stand are not to be considered. 

 Where practicable the compartments are to be given a straight outline 

 and rectangular form, adapting, however, the lines to the topography, 

 for this is permanent, the stands variable. The size of the compart- 

 ments "depends on the size of the management class" (because, if 

 practicable, it should have the size of a periodic area). 



To these earlier masters the subdivision served not only the purpose 

 of orientation and circumspect handling of a forest property, but also 

 as basis for budget regulation. 



