PERIODICAL LITERATURE 1055 



and other mountain districts being undeveloped, so that the freight 

 from Sweden to Spain is cheaper than from Sierra Guadarama to Bis- 

 cay, where important paper-makers are located. It would be necessary 

 for the forest administration to take up the development of these re- 

 sources seriously. 



From Resumen de Agricidtura. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, Au- 

 gust i6, 1917, p. 789. 



A. W. Schorger brings in a recent issue of the 

 Conifer Scientific American Supplement an account of an 



Leaf interesting industry not fully developed, namely, 



Oil the distillation for their oils of the leaves of 



spruce, hemlock, juniper, and arborvitae. Some 

 40 to 50 thousand pounds, worth 45 to 60 cents per pound, or around 

 $50,000, is the annual production in the United States, and some addi- 

 tional quantities are imported. The juniper and thuya oils are largely 

 used in insecticides, some 15 to 20 thousand pounds; spruce and hem- 

 lock oils as perfume in greases and shoe-blacking; various perfumes 

 are based on needle oils, and others are used medicinally as inhalation 

 for lung diseases, in liniments and ointments in rheumatic afflictions. 



The greater portion of the oils is distilled by small farmers in New 

 England during winter, but a company in Seattle was engaged in pro- 

 ducing red-cedar oil on an extensive scale from cedar brush bundled to 

 contain 100 pounds at $4.50 to $5.50 per ton. A steam pressure of 

 40 to 90 pounds for 3 to 4 hours was used, and the average yield of oil 

 was I per cent of the weight of green material at 40 cents per pound — 

 not enough to cover cost of production. The product was used in an 

 insecticide preparation. 



Young trees in the winter months yield the largest product. The 

 attempts at Grant Pass, Oregon, some years ago to utilize western 

 yellow-pine needles for oil and fiber seem not to have been commer- 

 cially successful. 



Forest Service experiments have been conducted on some 20 species 

 and a table of results is given, but none so far are commercially used 

 except those customary ones. 



The still and operation and the factors influencing yields of oil are 

 described. 



Various oils are now being secured in Germany from hitherto waste 

 materials, such as apple and pear pips, cherry-stones, horse-chestnuts, 

 elm-tree fruit, limes, and asparagus seed. 



The Conifer Leaf Oil Industry. Indian Forester, August, 191 7, pp. 379-386. 



