HPIROCH.KTOSIS OF SUDANESE FOWLS 95 



same clay, n hualthy hcii uf our own breeding was inoculated with au omulsiou of the ovary and eggs of 

 cue of the ticks. The bird developed spirochsetosis on the 20th, and rau a mild course. The second 

 tick was a male. No granules were found in its testicles or spermatozoa. 



Jimc 11. Adult 6 dissected, and Malpighiau tubes and testicles carefully examined, with entirely 

 negative results. 



June 28. Three young males dissected, an emulsion made of their Malpighian tubes, alimentary 

 diverticula and testicles aud inoculated into a chick which showed a few intra-corpuscular bodies. Previous 

 examination of the Malpighian tulies had shown the presence of granules. 



On July 2 this chick, which was carefully protected ft-om any other source of infection, exhibited 

 spirochsetes in its blood {ride tiifrii). 



The young spirochsetes were like those described by Leishraan for ,S'p. ilidtoni in (I. iiumbatn ; shorter, 

 more homogeneoiis aud less regularly curved. I noticed that they took on more of a red than a violet or 

 purple hue when stained by Komanowsky. Indeed, their staining corresponded to that of the granules from 

 which they appeared to develoj]. 



Leishmau found his forms apparently actually in the cytoplasm of the cells lining the tubules and the 

 intestinal diverticula. I have not seen any in these situations, but they may have been freed from the cells 

 in the process of making the smears. 



(iii) Chicks inoculated with an emulsion of crashed larvae, showing these granules 

 hut no spirochaetes, develop acute spirochaetosis. The same is true of birds, both chicks 

 and fowls, inoculated with emulsions of washed tissues or eggs from ticks containing 

 these granules. In some instances, in the ease of chicks at least, free spiroehtetes are 

 the first to appear in the blood, followed by bodies later ; in otlier cases the bodies 

 have first of all developed and either persisted unaccompanied or been followed by free 

 spirochaetes. It is of sjiecial interest to note that whereas a first inoculation of this 

 kind may prove negative, a second inoculation carried out after the material has been 

 kept for several days at 37 C. may prove successful. 

 Kmmph.s. Chick. Very young, clean bird. 



.)/(!(/ 24, 1909. Inoculated with an emulsion i^repared from a batcli of 40 young tick larvo?, a few days 

 old. Samples of same batch of larvae showed granules but no spirochetes. 



Mai/ 28. Spirochifites found for the first time. (The bird had lieen kept in a siiecial sterilised cage 

 protected from tick or other insect bite.) 



May 29. As above. No increase. No bodies seen. 



Increase of spirochsetes. Tangles forming. No bodies observed. 

 The crisis has occurred and the blood appears to be wholly free. 

 No spiroehffites. A few bodies present. 

 As above. 

 As above. 



Recurrence of spirochsetes. Present in large numbers aud forming tangles. No bodies seen. 

 Spirochsetes appear to have again quitted the peripheral blood. Two large films carefully 

 Only a few bodies present. 

 This blood condition continued till .lune 14, when the chick was found dead. 



Two other good examples (cock and hen, page 94) have just been mentioned. In both, the ticks had not 

 fed at all for at least 28 days. Both birds recovered after passing through a transitory leukfemic state. 

 Another and even better example is that of the chick [pitge 951 inoculated successfully with the tissues of 

 three male ticks, for these ticks had not ted at all for no less than 103 days and yet were in an infective 

 condition, the incubation period being five days. 



In the cock and hen, intra-corpuscular bodies did not ajjpear, nor were they found in the chick 

 inoculated with au emulsion of larval tissues. They occurred, however, in small numbers in the blood of a 

 clean chick inoculated with an emulsion of tick eggs showing granules, and the two following cases 

 demonstrate their appearance in the blood, in one instance before the spirochfetes. in the other, synchronously 

 with them. 



('/lid:. Clean bird. 



M((i/ 25, 1909. Inoculated with an emulsion of washed llalpighian tube tissue which showed granules 

 liut no spirochaetes. 



Jf)fil 26. Bodies present in considerable numliers. It seems scarcely possible that they had been missed 

 in the pi-eliminary examination, and yet their rapid appearance is remarkable. They continued present till 



JAr// 29, when spirochaetes were found for the first time. Some were short, otliers coiled and in loops. 

 A well-marked increase in the number of bodies was noted. 



.)fii!l 30. Spirochaetes more numerous to-day, while the bodies appear to have diminished in number. 

 Mdi/ 31. No bodies found even after prolonged search. Spirochaetes fairly numerous. 

 No spirochaetes. a few bodies. 

 As above. 

 As above. 



Recurrence of sjiirochaetes in large numbers. Tangles present. 

 As above. 

 Crisis. No spirochaetes. Bodies present and many ■• spore " forms. 



