KALA-AZAK COIIMISSION 161 



into hospital with quartan malaria aiul slight splenomegaly, while the other was a child, 

 an out-patient with diarrlitea. Out of tliese 35 casus tlie ova of Ticnin, nami were found 

 in 4 cases — all school-boys — and the ova of Fat-ciula ienyptira in one case of fever and 

 splenomegaly. 



The presence of four free iiagella and the absence of an undulating membrane would 

 indicate that these bodies are trichomastix forms of trichomonas. The flagella usually 

 arise from the blunt end of the parasite, but sometimes from the side. The vacuolation 

 of the protoplasm, so well marked in the larger forms, is usually indistinct or absent 

 in the smaller forms of the jJai'^site. Bodies resembling the so-called cysts of trichomonas 

 were also present along with these trichomastix bodies and are shown in Plate X., figs. 1-2. 



Flagellated bodies have been frequently found in the human alimentary canal, and Previous notes 

 are generally supposed to be harmless inhabitants of that canal. Gastellani thought "^ fl^gei'ates 



" in faces 



that, though their presence in small numbers might be harndess, their presence in large 

 numbers was the aetiological factor in two cases of diarrhoea in Ceylon. Still more recently 

 Gastellani and Chalmers have found another flagellate in the fteces in cases of diarrhoea. 

 It has two flagella and an undulating membrane and has been called by them Bodo 

 asiaticus. Wenyon has recently found a new flagellate, Macrot^foma viesniti, in the faeces 

 of a native of the Bahamas. It has three flagella and a large cytostome. It appeared to 

 have no ill-effects upon the host. 



Cummins noted the presence of flagellated bodies in the fteces of a case of kala-azar 

 occurring in the Sudan. He also stated that he had seen similar bodies in a case of 

 acute dysentery. 



A young dog was fed frequently with milk mixed with the fteces of kala-azar patients, 

 sometimes with and sometimes without flagellated bodies. It remained perfectly well 

 and was chloroformed 54 days after the first feeding. There was no evidence of 

 infection w'ith kala-azar. 



The pkesence of Leishman-Donovax Bodies in Dogs 



AND OTHEK animals 



In view of Nicolle's discovery of spontaneous Leishmaniosis in the dog, recently 

 contirmed by Gabbi and Basile in Italy, Critien in Malta, Alvarez in Lisbon, and the 

 Sergents in Algiers, 21 dogs from the village of Singa were killed and examined. Nine of 

 these were emaciated but showed no symptoms of illness, 2 were emaciated and ill, and 

 10 were normal. One of the latter was from a /«A-/ containing a case of kala-azar. In 

 9 cases smears were made from the spleen, liver and heart's blood, in 11 cases smears were 

 made from the spleen and bone-marrow, and in one case from the spleen and liver. All 

 were negative, no kala-azar parasites being found. We recognise that the number of dogs 

 examined was too small to say definitely that spontaneous Leishmaniosis does not occur 

 here in the dog. In the dog living in the infected iukl the spleen was enlarged, but 

 careful search failed to reveal the presence of Leishman-Donovan bodies. Spleen smears 

 were also examined from the spleens of I healthy cows, .3 healthy goats and 15 healthy 

 sheep, all with negative results. 



There is now no doubt that Leishmaniosis occurs in dogs as a natural infection, Kala-azar a 

 and Nicolle's discovery has been confirmed in different parts where infantile kala-azar is "'*'"'■''' '"f^*^' 



tion in dogs 



found. Basile recognises two different forms of natural infection in the dog, the acute and 

 the chronic, and he considers that the former, which affects young dogs and lasts from 3 to 

 I months, plays the more important part in the spread of the disease. 



