VETEEINAEY NOTES 345 



to take such precautious as may be necessary. I am also endeavouring to obtain 

 material for examination, and only regret I did not see Montgomery's suggestive paper 

 before I travelled south. 



PlEOl'LASMOSIS 



(o) Ganine. This exists to a considerable extent in Khartoum, and the carriers of the 

 parasite are Bhipicephalug fanguineiis and Rseiiiaphysalis leachi. There is nothing special 

 to note about the disease. In severe attacks the blood shows great anaemia and much 

 alteration in the red cells. Captains Fry and Archibald have employed trypan blue in 

 several cases with success, and the discovery of Nuttall and Graham-Smith' will prove of 

 great service, as hitherto it has scarcely been possible to keep any but native dogs as pets. 

 Tliese latter take the disease and sometimes die from it, but I expect that, for the most 

 part, they suffer as puppies and so acquire a certain immunity. 



(6) Equine. As stated previously, this occurs to some extent in the Sudan. Whether 

 the idea that it was originally imported from South Africa is correct I cannot say, but 

 I think it is more likely to be indigenous. I have studied the condition to some extent in 

 donkeys, and Plate XVII., fig. 4, shows the type of parasite found. The animals came from 

 Malakal and the ticks found on them were Bhipicephalus evertsi. Three sick donkeys were 

 sent. Two had probably suffered from the disease and were convalescent, the other showed 

 severe infection and typical petecliial spots on the conjunctivje. There was no red water 

 but the urine was heavily laden with urates. 



The parasite appears to be the typical Nuttallia eqiii. Spherical, pyriform, bacillary, 

 irregular and rosette forms were all present. 



Experimental work on transmission with the ticks found on the donkey was carried out ' "^"^ e.xperi- 



1 i-x * 1 1 1 ■ 1 nients nes^ative 



by Dr. Aders, but gave only negative results. 



The animal died and the post mortem examination revealed nothing of note. The 

 spleen was carefully examined to see if any bodies resembling those described by Koch in 

 East Coast Fever could be found, but only piroplasmata were present. (See, however, note 

 on Anaplasmosis.) 



(c) Bovine. Since the date of the last Report no further cases of the disease in 

 cattle have come under notice at Khartoum, so it has not been possible to carry out any 

 investigations regarding it. I found P. bigeminiim in cattle at Wan in the 

 Bahr-El-Ghazal in May, 1910. 



* Anaplasmosis 



As is now well known, Theiler- has declared his "marginal points" to be Anaplasma 

 marcjinale, a specific protozoal parasite of cattle, and has apparently proved it to be the 

 cause of gall-sickness in South Africa. Spreull^ has also declared his conviction that the 

 "marginal points" are parasitic in nature. If we accept these views it follows that 

 gall-sickness exists in cattle in the Sudan, for I have found Anaplasma manjinale in the 

 blood of cattle suffering from piroplasmosis {vide Third Eeport, Plate IV., fig. 4). It was 

 with some surprise, therefore, that after reading Theiler's article I remembered having noted 

 that Ana/plasma marginale was present in large numbers in the blood of the donkey from 



' Nuttall, G. H. F., and Graham-Smith, Q. S. (1909), "Notes on Immunity in Canine Piroplasmosis." 

 I'arasitology , Vol. II., pp. 215-228. 



- Theiler, A. (June, 1910), "Gall Sickness of South Africa (Anaplasmosis of Cattle)." Journal of 

 Comparative PatJwlogy and Therapeutics. Vol. XXIII., Part 2. 



" SpreuU, J. (December, 19091, "Marginal Points, or a new Intra-corpuscular Parasite in the blood of 

 Cattle in South Africa." IbUl., Vol. XXII., No. 4. 



* Reproduced by kind permission of the Editor of the Juuriial of Comparative Pathology and Thtrapcuties. 



