FROM WESTERN SUMATRA. 85 



The following are the essential differences between both 

 species : 



G. melanolophus : Bill very strong and straight, length from 

 front in adult specimens 47 mm., in young 41 — 44 ram. 

 Crown and occipital crest in adult plumage pure black, the 

 latter composed of much elongated narrow feathers. In the 

 immature plumage {limnopMlax) the occipital crest is, though 

 strongly , not as much developed as in the adult, and each 

 feather of it is spotted with white. Tips to all the pri- 

 maries , in both adult and young , rusty red and conspi- 

 cuously terminated with white. 



G. goisagi: Bill slightly bent downward towards the tip , 

 more slender and shorter than in melanolophus , length 36 — 

 40 mm. in the adult, 35 mm. in the somewhat younger 

 specimen. (A comparison of the bills in specimens of about 

 the same age makes the distinctness of both species quite 

 evident , though it is not easy to formulate all the distinctive 

 characters in words). 



Crown and occipital feathers in adult specimens rusty 

 red , the first with narrow black shaft-lines , the latter 

 but slightly lengthened and not as stiff and narrow as 

 in its black-crested congener. The younger bird in our 

 collection (9) ') has the entire crown blackish, and the 

 slightly lengthened occipital feathers as well as the whole 

 neck — with the exception of chin and throat — and 

 whole upper surface dark brown , and all over irregularly 

 and narrowly vermiculated with rusty brown. The charac- 

 teristical white cross-patches on the crest in they ouug G. 

 melanolophus are in this species entirely wanting. It may 

 possibly turn out afterwards that this specimen is in a very 

 advanced stage of immature plumage, but hitherto it is 

 the youngest of all authentical specimens from Japan. 



The tips to the primaries are rusty red like in the other 

 species , but only the first primary is conspicuously termi- 

 nated with white , i. e. only on the outer web at a length 



1) See the posterior figure on plate 582 of the Fauna Japonica. 



Notes from the Leyclen IMuseiim , "Vol. IX. 



