COMMON FI-OlNDKl;. 



Helsingf.), p. 24; Blanchakd (Pleuronectes), Poiss. d. eaiix 



(louces Fr., p. 267; Lixdsth., Gotl. Fisk. (Gotl. Lans Hush. 



Sallsk. Arsber. 186G), p. 22 (sep.); Steind., Stzber. Akad. 



Wiss. Wieii, Mnlli.. Nalurw. CI. LVIl (1808), I, p. 719; 



Coll., Vid. Selsk. Forli. Christ. 1874, Tilla'gsli., p. 146; 



ibid. 1879, No. 1, p. 82; Malm, Gbgg, Boh. Fn., p. 530; 



Wl.NTH., Natiirb. TidsUr. Kbhvn, ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 41; 



Feddeks., ibid., p. 70; Mei.a, Vert. Fenn., p. 300, tab. IX ; 



Day, Fish. Gt. Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 33, tab. CV; MCiB., 



HCKE, Fisch. Osts., p. 95; LlLL.1., >Sc., Sorrj. Fisk., vol. II, 



p. 376; Mela, Sundm., Finl. Fi.sk., pi. XXIII. 

 Pleuronectes pa.'>ser, Bl., Naturg. Fisch. iJeutschl., II, p. 57, 



tab. 50; Retz, Fn. Stiec. Lin., p. 333; Qvens., Vct.-Akad. 



Handl. 1806, p. 218; Hollb., Jieskr. Boh. Fi.^k., 1. c. p. 



48; — var. (A. 46—48): Bonap. {Platessa), Fn. Ital., Ill, 



Pesci, tav. No. 98, fig. 1 ; Canestrini, Arch. p. I. Zool. 



cett., vol. I, fasc. I, p. 8, tab. I, fig. 1 ; Mok. (Flesus), 



Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., toin. Ill, p. 301; PL italiciis, Gthr, 



Vat., 1. c, p. 452. 

 Pleuronectes stellatus. Pall., Nov. Act. Petrop., I, p. 347, tab. 



9, tig. 1, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., torn. Ill, p. 416; Rich., Fn. 



Bor. Am., Fish., p. 257; (Platessa) Zool. Voy. Herald, p. 



164, tab. XXXII, fig. 1 — 3; Gthr (Pleuronectes), Cat., ). c, 



p. 443; JOBD., GiLB., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, p. 835; 



Br.-Goode, Fisher., Fisli.-Indnstr. U. S., p. 184 (Jordan), 



tab. 46 (Todd). — Striato pitmatus (Tiles.), pinn. dors, et 



anal, sat altis, pinn. pect. sat longis, spatio interoculari 



})kTumqiie sat ir.agno. Varietas forsaii, vix species distincta. 

 Pleuronectes hiscus, Pall., Zoogr. Ross. As., torn. Ill, p. 427 



(adu. A. 46); XonDM. (Platessa), Voy. Euss. Jferid., Demid.. 



vol. 3, p. 532, tab, 27 et 28. 

 Flesus vulgaris, 'Moe., 1. c, p. 299. 

 Pleuronectes Bogdanovii, Sandebeeg, Bull. Soc. Natnr. Moscou, 



LIII (1878), No. 3, p. 236. 



The usual length of the Flounder in Scandinavian 

 waters is about 20 — 25 cm., though it sometimes rises 

 as high as about 37 cm." In other -waters it seems to 

 attain a much greater size*. The greatest depth, l)e- 

 tween the tins, is about half the length from the tip of 

 the snout to the base of the caudal tin'. The least 

 depth, that of the peduncle of the tail, is between about 

 \'j^ and ' ,2 of the same length. Greatest breadtli 

 (thickness) ',5 of the depth. The head is compressed 

 and heart-shaped, its length being 27 — 31 ?6 (on an 

 average 28' '2—29'/, %) of the length of the Ijody to 

 the l)ase of the caudal tin. The row of protuber- 

 ances on the head whicli is so characteristic of the pre- 

 ceding species, is not unrepresented here. In this spe- 

 cies too, we find a raised, bony ridge, at the same spot 

 and with the same curve liack from the ej^es, behind 



.somewhat widened aiid interrupted above the gill-cover, 

 and continued by a rough oi' smooth knob on the post- 

 teui])oral bone. Here, however, the surface of the bony 

 ridge is not broken up into distinct, separate protuber- 

 ances, l)nt is only rough with small tubercles or some- 

 times for the most part smooth. In this species too, 

 the mouth is of moderate .size, with tumid lii)s. The 

 lower jaw |)r()jects slightly beyond the uppei- and the 

 lengtli of the l)rancii of tlie lower jaw on the eye side 

 varies between al)ont 33 and 38 % of the length of the 

 head or l)etwecn a]:)Out 9 and I'^j^ % of that of the 

 body. The jaw-teeth resemble those of the preceding 

 species; Init even in adult specimens of this species we 

 have sometimes found them set in two rows on tlie 

 blind side, both in the lower jaw and on the inter- 

 maxillary l)one. It is also very common — most com- 

 mon, it woidd appear, in the south — that the pointed 

 form which the jaw-teetli possess during youth, is to 

 a certain extent persistent in adult specimens, the jaw- 

 teeth tlien l)eing Iduntly pointed, less distinctly chisel- 

 shaped, and .separated from each other at the tip. In 

 the upper jaw we have counted 14 — 25 teeth on the 

 intermaxillary bone of the blind side, and 8 — 12 on 

 that of the eye side. In the lo^\'er jaw these specimens 

 had 14— 2G" teeth on the blind side and 11—16 on 

 the eye side. The pharyngeal apparatus is essentially 

 the same as in the preceding species. In the I'ocjf of 

 the pharj'nx we tind on each side an oblong, roundish, 

 fleshy swelling, armed with several transverse ro^vs of 

 blunt teeth. The osseous framework of this swelling is 

 formed ])y the three upper phar3ngeals, which are each 

 furnished witli two (according to Kroyer sometimes as 

 many as four) i-ows of teeth. The lower pharyngeals 

 (fig. 108, page 391 above) are broader than in the pre- 

 ceding species and more abundantly furnished \\\\\\ 

 teeth, whicli in several iri'egular I'ows almost entirely 

 fill the upper surface of the bones. The hindmost of 

 the.se teetli, a row on the posterior, concave margin of 

 the triangle, are much more like the jaw-teeth in shape, 

 being blunth' pointed, cvlindrical, and curved somewhat 

 forward. The number of gill-rakers on the first branch- 

 ial arch varies between 12 and 16. 



" MObius and Heixcke say 50 cm. On the French coast, according to Moreau, the species sometimes attains a length of 45 cm. 



-' Pleuronectes stellatus, in which we have failed to find any specific diil'crence from our species, attains, according to Jordan, a 

 length of nearly 3 ft. on the Californian coast. 



'■ On an average about 49 or 50 K. but in the males generally less than 47 \, iu the females more, and in the latter sometimes as 

 much as 53 "». In comparison with the total length of the body, it is a rule that in the males the greatest depth of the body is less than, 

 in the females more than or equal to, 40 % of the length of the body to the cud of the caudal fin. 



'' One specimen has 24 teeth in an miter row and 8 in an inner row, the latter being set at about the middle of the outer row. 



