■STH'KLKHACKS. 



(;47 



TIiiis liotli tlic Fifteeii-spincd and the Three-spiiiod 

 ISticklcliarks stand nearer to tlio 'reii-s]>ined Stickleliack 

 diiriii,ii' \iuitli than tliey (h> in latci- life. I )uriiiy' .yi-owtii 

 they diverge from tliis species, each in a special direc- 

 tion. The first direction of development tends towards 

 the Flute-mouths, the second, as we have mentioned 

 above, towards the Trumpet-iishes. 



This conclusion differs essentially, it is true, from 

 that arrived at by Hkincke, but agrees with the latter in 

 the most important point, namely that the Three-sjnned 

 StickJel>ack is descended from a species that was extre- 

 mely closely allied to the Ten-s|)ined Stickleback, unless 

 indeed its ancestor be this \ ery species. As evidence 

 in favour of this Heincke cites Gosterosteus Bussei, the 

 form described from Amur in 1887 by Herzexstein and 

 Wari'aciiiiw.ski, with il free s]iinous rays at tht' (kirsal 

 margin (like the Ten-spined Stickleback), but with a 

 complete row of scutes along the sides of the liudy (like 



the 'J'iiree-spined Stickleback). A similar form had al- 

 ready been described in 18(j9, from David's Chinese 

 collections, by Guiciienot" under the name of (hislcrn- 

 stcKS shiensis, and in 1880, from Dybowski's collections 

 in the bays of Northern Japan, by Steindachneh'' un- 

 der the name of Gosferosteus japonkus. ^^'e have an- 

 other intermediate form in Gasterosteus {EitraHu) ui- 

 ainsfaiis from North America and Greenland, with the 

 branchiostegal membranes infcrioi'ly free, at least to 

 some extent, from the isthmus (as in the Ten-si)ined 

 Stickleback) and without lateral ]:)lates on the body, but 

 with only five i'wc spinous ra.\s at the dorsal edge''. 

 The range of the genus (Tasferosteus embraces both 

 fresh and salt water in the Arctic and Temperate Zones 

 of the Northern Hemisphere, both in the Old World and 

 the New: but the niunber of the species is probably no 

 more than five, two of which belong to the Scandi- 

 navian fauna. 



THE THREE-SPINED STICKLEBACK (sw. stouspicgen). 

 (tASTEfU »STEUS ACULEATUS. 



Plate XXVIII, 



1 (?) a„d 2 ((/). 



Three {exceptioinillii faiir) five sjiiiHun: rai/s at the (husal VKirii'm. Iliin/(li/(}fife(/(il memhraiies iiiferidii// united 



t(i the isthmus thraKt/JioKf its teii(/th. 



R. br. .^; D. Ill— IV| 10— 12'': A. i:8— 10; P. 10' — 11; 

 V. I|l; (.'. .r+ 1 + 10 + 1 +i-: L. Int. ?,~Zi:Vert. 31— .'.2-''. 



&jn. Gusterusteus aculeis in ilorso tribiis, AiiT., Gefi. Pise. p. 52; 

 Syn. Pise, p. 80; Spec. Pise. p. 9(5; LiN., Fii. Kiuec, ed. 

 I, p. 103; Westbeck, Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1753, p. 2G1; 

 Strom, Hoyidin. Beskr., vol. I, p. .SI 5; Odmann, Vet.-Akad. 

 Handl. 1782, p. 167. 

 Gaslerosteus aculeatus, Lin., Syst. .\at., ed. X, toiii. I, p. 295; 

 Fabr., Fii. Groenl., p. 169; Retz., Fii., Suec. Lin., p. 338; 

 Pall. (Gasteracanihiis) Zooi/r. Ross. Asiat., toin. Ill, p. 229; 

 Cuv. (Gaslerosteus), Pegu. Aiiiiii., ed. I, torn. II, p. 320; 

 Ekstb., Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1831, p. 296; NiLss., Prodi: 

 Ichlh. Scaiid., p. 85; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. Aiiim., p. 

 348 ( + G. spiniilosiis, p. 350); Ekstb., v. Wr., Skand. Fisk., 

 ed. I, p. 17, tab. 4, fig. 1, a et b; Kr., Damn. Fiske, vol. 

 1, pp. 169 et 590; Lillj., Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1850, p. 309; 

 Hancock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. X, p. 241; 



SuND., Slocldi. h. Hnsli. Sallsk. Handl., H. 6 (1855) pp. 79, 

 85, 176; NiLSS., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 103; TnoMrs., J\'a«. 

 Hist. Ircl., vol. IV, p. 82: Heck., Kn., Siisswasserf. Osterr. 

 Mon., p. 38 ( + G. bracliycentrus, \>. A\); SiEU, Su.<!Stcasser/. 

 Miiteleiir., p. 66; Mgrn, Fi7il. Fisk.-Fii. (Diap. Helsingf.) 

 p. 14: Lindstr., Gotl. L. Husli. Sallsk. Arsber. 1866, p. 14 

 (sep.); Canestrini, Fii. D'ltal., pt. Ill, Pesci, p. 25; Coll., 

 Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1874, TilU-egsh., p. 11; ibid. 1879, 

 p. 2; N. Mag. Naturv. Clirist., Bd. 29 (1884) p. 48; M.4LM, 

 Gbgs, Boh. Fn., p. 371: Seidl., Fn. Bait., p. 128; Winth., 

 Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, ser. 3, vol. XII. p. 4; Feddebs., 

 ibid., p. 73; B.ncke, Fiscli., Fischer., Fischz. 0., W. Preuss., 

 p. 73: III., Handb. Fischer., Fischz. (M. v. D. BOrne), p. 

 98; MoR., Hint. Nat. Poiss. Fr., torn. Ill, p. 163; Mela, 

 Vert. Fenn., p. 277, tab. IX; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit., Irel., 

 vol. I, p. 238, tab. LXVIII, figg. 1—3; Al. Agass., Proc. 

 Amer. Acad. Arts, Scienc., vol. XVII (1882), p. 288, tab. 

 IX; Hansen, Zool. Dan., Fiske. p. 27, tab. V, figg. 1 et 2; 



" Noiiv. Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, tome V 

 * Stzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math. Naturw. CI. 

 ■" Cf. Jordan and Gilbert, Bnll. U. S. Nat. M 

 '' Sometimes 8, according to Krover. 



„ 14, „ „ Lilljeborg. 



' „ 9, „ ,, Krover. 



■^ Exceptionally 30, sometimes 33, according to Fatio 



p. 204, pi. 12, fig-. 4. 



Bd. LXXXII, I, p. 264, taf. Ill, tig. 



., No. 16. p. 394. 



Scandinav 



FUhe 



